Compositions and Methods for Inhibiting Human Host Factors Required for Influenza Virus Replication

ABSTRACT

This application relates to the modulation of host cell factors required for influenza virus replication. The application relates to compounds, including nucleic acid compounds (such as, e.g., small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)) and small molecules, that target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication, and the use of such compounds for modulating influenza virus replication and as antiviral agents. The application also relates to methods of treating an influenza virus infection and methods of treating or preventing a symptom or disease associated with influenza virus infection, comprising administering to a subject a composition comprising a compound, such as a nucleic acid compound (e.g., an siRNA) or small molecule, that targets a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/285,951, filed Dec. 11, 2009, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

1. INTRODUCTION

This application relates to the modulation of host cell factors required for influenza virus replication. The application relates to compounds, including nucleic acid compounds (such as, e.g., small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)) and small molecules, that target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication, and the use of such compounds for modulating influenza virus replication and as antiviral agents. The application also relates to methods of treating an influenza virus infection and methods of treating or preventing a symptom or disease associated with influenza virus infection, comprising administering to a subject a composition comprising a compound, such as a nucleic acid compound (e.g., an siRNA) or small molecule, that targets a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication.

2. BACKGROUND

Influenza viruses are enveloped RNA viruses that belong to the family of Orthomyxoviridae (Palese and Shaw, 2007). Influenza A and B viruses are considered to be major human pathogens and in a normal season they can cause between 3-5 million cases of severe illness and up to 500,000 deaths worldwide (World Health Organization, 2003). Influenza A viruses can also cause pandemics such as those that occurred in 1918, 1957 and 1968. These outbreaks resulted in high mortality rates because of the lack of pre-existing immunity against the new virus strain. The current pandemic outbreak, beginning in 2009, of the swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus (Wang & Palese, 2009), and the emergence of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus in the late 1990s (Claas et al., 1998), have sparked renewed interest in the development of anti-influenza virus drugs.

Strategies for identifying targets for antiviral intervention typically focus on compounds that attack the virus itself, i.e., viral proteins—the structural components of the virion, as well as viral genome-encoded enzymes which are necessary for propagation of the virus. The approach of targeting viral proteins has several limitations: i) the limited number of viral targets; ii) viral targets tend to be highly specific to a particular virus or even strain of virus; and iii) viruses are able to rapidly alter their genetic composition to develop resistance to antiviral drugs. Another approach in antiviral drug development is to design drugs to strengthen the host's immune system to fight the viral infection, rather than to fight the viral infection itself. Using this strategy, drugs are designed to boost the host's immune system to allow the host to better fight off infection by the virus.

Cellular targets have traditionally been considered less desirable candidates for antiviral therapy. Relatively few antiviral drugs have been directed at host enzymes for several reasons, the most prominent being the high risk of toxicity to the host itself. Although host cell factors play a key role in facilitating viral growth and propagation, strategies for attacking such host factors remain elusive.

Currently there are only four U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—approved drugs available for the treatment of influenza, amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir (DeClercq, 2006). The adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) block the M2 ion channel of the virus and prevent the release of the viral genome into the host cell (Pinto and Lamb, 1995; Wharton et al., 1994). These drugs are effective if used prophylactically and if administered within 48 hours of infection but are not effective against influenza B viruses. However, the development of widespread resistance has precluded the use of adamantanes in recent influenza seasons (Bright et al., 2006) and isolates of the H5N1 influenza virus have been shown to be resistant to these drugs due to mutations in M2 (Cheung et al., 2006).

The preferred treatment for influenza virus infection is now the use of the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir (Garman and Layer, 2004). By targeting NA, these compounds prevent the release of the virus from the infected cell and halt the spread of the virus. As part of its pandemic preparedness plan, the World Health Organization (WHO) has advised that supplies of the NA inhibitors be stockpiled, but it is always advantageous to have at least two antiviral drugs (aimed at different targets) available due to the possible emergence of resistant virus strains. In fact the 2007-2008 influenza season in the Northern hemisphere has shown a marked increase in the number of H1N1 isolates that are resistant to oseltamivir (World Health Organization, 2008) and concerns have also been raised regarding oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from patients in Southeast Asia (Le et al., 2005). There is now widespread resistance to both of these drug classes (Layne et al., 2009).

Thus, a major challenge to anti-influenza drug development is finding new strategies for combating influenza virus infection.

3. SUMMARY

The present application is based, in part, on the discovery that influenza virus replication can be reduced by pharmacologically targeting human host cell factors required for viral replication. Targeting host cell factors, rather than the viral factors required for influenza virus replication, may greatly reduce the emergence of viral resistance and expands the number of targets for antiviral intervention.

Provided herein are compounds, including but not limited to nucleic acid compounds (e.g., siRNAs) and small molecules, that target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication. Provided herein are compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds and compositions for modulating influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions comprising them reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication. Provided herein are methods of using such compounds and compositions for reducing or inhibiting influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compounds modulate influenza virus replication by altering the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of the human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compounds reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication by reducing or inhibiting the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of the human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor interacts with a component of the influenza virus. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is required for influenza virus replication.

The compounds provided herein, and for use in the compositions and methods provided herein, target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication and modulate influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein, and for use in the compositions and methods provided herein, target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication and reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication. The targeted human host cell factor may be required for influenza virus replication. The targeted human host cell factor may be involved in or required for one or more of the following events of the influenza virus life cycle: entry; uncoating; nuclear import; viral RNA transcription; or viral RNA translation. The targeted human host cell factor may be involved in or required for replication of more than one strain or sub-type of influenza. For example, the human host cell factor may be involved in or required for replication of an influenza A virus, an influenza B virus, and/or an influenza C virus. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is involved in or required for replication of a human-origin, an avian-origin (e.g., H5N1), and/or a swine-origin (e.g., H1N1) influenza virus.

In some embodiments, a compound provided herein, and for use in the compositions and methods provided herein, targets a component or regulator of, or factor that interacts with, one or more of the following categories of human host cell factors: cytoskeleton; ribonucleoprotein; spliceosome; ubiquitin/proteasome system; ribosome or other translation machinery; kinase; phosphatase; signaling (e.g., G-protein coupled receptors; signaling at the plasma membrane); mitochondrion or mitochondrial ribosome; plasminogen; stress response; v-ATPase; ion channel or other ion transport; nucleus; sumoylation; nuclear transport; nucleotide binding; cell cycle; vesicular transport (e.g., COPI vesicle); chromosome; or carboxylic acid metabolism. In some embodiments, a compound provided herein, and for use in the compositions and methods provided herein, targets a component or regulator of, or a factor that interacts with, one or more of the following categories of human host cell factors: IP3-PKC pathway; COPI vesicles; endosomal uptake, maturation, acidification, and fusion; actin organization and function; PI3K-AKT pathway; endosomal recycling pathway; MAPK pathway; proteases; calcium/calmodulin system; nuclear trafficking; trafficking; sumoylation; microtubule organization (including assembly) and function; autophagy; or ubiquitination. Exemplary, non-limiting, components or regulators of, or factors that interact with, these categories of human host cell factors that may be targeted in accordance with these embodiments are provided in Table 5 infra (see, e.g., the column labeled “Gene names”). In particular embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of the human host cell factor.

In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein, and for use in the compositions and methods provided herein, reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compound is an agent that reduces or inhibits the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is required for influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the interaction of a human host cell factor with a component of the influenza virus. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits one or more of the following events of the influenza viral life cycle: entry; uncoating; nuclear import; viral RNA transcription; or viral RNA translation. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits replication of more than one strain or sub-type of influenza. For example, the compound may reduce or inhibit replication of influenza virus A, an influenza B virus, and/or an influenza C virus. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits replication of a human-origin, an avian-origin (e.g., H5N1), and/or a swine-origin (e.g., H1N1) influenza virus. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits replication of an influenza virus and one or more other viruses.

In some embodiments, the compound modulates the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 3. In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 3.

In some embodiments, the compound modulates the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 7. In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 7.

In some embodiments, the compound modulates the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 9. In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 9.

In some embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ACRC; AKAP13; AKT1; ANAPC2; ANPEP; ARCN1; BRWD3; CAD; CAMK2B; CANT1; CBLL1; CD81; CHAF1A; CLK1; CLOCK; COPA; COPB1; COPB2; COPG; CSE1L; CTSW; DTX2; DUSP3; EPHB2; EPS8L3; F13A1; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; FPR1, FRAP1 (mTOR); GABBR1; GRK6; GSK3B; HAND2; HIST3H3; HSP90AA1; IL1F9; ITGA3; JAK2; KCNJ11; KPNB1; MAP2K3; MAP3K11; MAP3K12; MC1R; MID1IP1; NEK6; NUP153; NUP214; OSBPL6; PHF2; PLK4; PPP1R12C; PPP1R14D; PRPH2; PRSS35; PSMD1; RAB11B; RBM5; RP11-45B20.2; RPS10; RPS20; SF3A1; SNRPA1; STK31; STK39; STX10; SUMO2; SUMO4; TBK1; TEAD3; TNPO3; TRPV2; TUBB; UBXD3; USE1; VEGFB (GeneID 7423); WDR18; WDR34; or one or more v-ATPase subunits, e.g., ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP1 (gene ID numbers for representative human host cell factors are provided in Tables 3 and 9). In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the aforementioned human host cell factors.

In certain embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: AKAP13; ARCN; BRWD3; CD81; COPG; CTSW; DUSP3; EPHB2; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; GABBR1; GSK3B; ITGA3; JAK2; MAP2K3; NEK6; RAB11B; or one or more of the v-ATPase subunits, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP1. In certain embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: CAMK2B; CSE1L; F13A1; KPNB1; MAP3K12; PP1R14D; PRSS35; RPS10; SF3A1; or SUMO4. In certain embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ACRC; DTX2; EPS8L3; FPR1; MAP3K11; NUP214; PRPH2; RP11-45B20.2; STX10; SUMO2; TRPV2; or TUBB. In certain embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ANPEP; CAM2KB; FGFR4; FRAP1 (mTOR); GSK3B/CSNK1G2; HSP90AA1; or TUBB. In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the aforementioned human host cell factors.

The compound may be any compound described herein, known in the art, or yet to be discovered that targets one or more of the aforementioned categories of human host cell factors, a specific factor(s) in such a category, and/or one of the aforementioned human host cell factors. In certain embodiments, the compound is not toxic to the human host cell.

In certain embodiments, the compound does not target AKT1, ARCN1, COPG, GRK6, HAND2, HIST3H3, an HSP90 (e.g., HSP90AA1), NUP153, RBM5, RPS10, RPS20, or a v-ATPase subunit. In certain embodiments, the compound does not reduce or inhibit the expression and/or activity of AKT1, ARCN1, COPG, GRK6, HAND2, HIST3H3, an HSP90 (e.g., HSP90AA1), NUP153, RBM5, RPS10, RPS20, or a v-ATPase subunit. In certain embodiments, the compound does not target AKAP13, CD81, CAMK2B, CSE1L, DUSP3, FGFR2, FGFR4, GSK3B, ITGA3, KPNB1, MAP2K3, or RAB11B. In certain embodiments, the compound does not reduce or inhibit the expression and/or activity of AKAP13, CD81, CAMK2B, CSE1L, DUSP3, FGFR2, FGFR4, GSK3B, ITGA3, KPNB1, MAP2K3, or RAB11B.

In some embodiments, the compound is a nucleic acid compound. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound is an siRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound has a sequence optimized for use as an siRNA, according to methods known in the art. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound is an antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid compound is a modified oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound is contained within a larger nucleic acid compound, such as a plasmid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound comprises an oligonucleotide of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, for example, 12 to 15, 15 to 20, 20 to 25, e.g., 21 or 25 nucleosides, or 26 to 30 linked nucleosides, which may be targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication is a human host cell factor described supra. Any region of the human host cell factor gene or mRNA may be targeted as provided for herein and known to one of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the compound targets a nucleotide sequence selected from Table 1 (see also Table 9) (Section 7 below). In certain embodiments, e.g., when targeting of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence is desired, the nucleobases represented by a “U” (uracil) in a sequence in Table 1 may be replaced with thymine nucleobases (represented by a “T”). In certain embodiments, e.g., when targeting a ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence is desired, the nucleobases represented by a “T” (thymine) in a sequence in Table 1 may be replaced with uracil nucleobases (represented by a “U”). For example, the nucleotide sequence “AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA” in Table 1 may be replaced with the nucleotide sequence “AAGUAGGGAUAAAUUACUCUA.”

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid compound targeting a sequence in Table 1 is an antisense compound. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound targeting a sequence in Table 1 is an siRNA. In certain embodiments, the siRNA that targets one of the aforementioned human host cell factors or sequences is obtained from a commercially available source. For example, the siRNA can be from Qiagen (Druggable Set version 1 or 2), NM Set version 1, XM Set version 1, the kinome library from Invitrogen or the kinome library from IDT.

In certain embodiments, an siRNA duplex is created from a 21 mer sequence in Table 1 as exemplified in the following example:

The sequence 5′-GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA-3′ is modified to convert it into a ribonucleic acid (RNA) and to introduce overhangs (shown in lowercase letters) as follows:

5′---GCUUGAAUUUGAAGGUGUAtt-3′ 3′-ctCGAACUUAAACUUCCACAU---5′

The first two are the antisense overhang, the sense overhang is always TT. siRNA duplexes based on the sequences in Table 1 that contain Us are created the same way, except that the sequence is already an RNA; i.e., the sequence in Table 1 containing Us correspond to host cell mRNA targets.

In some embodiments, the siRNA compound comprises the sequence /5Phos/rGrGrCrUrArCrGrGrArCrCrArArGrUrUrUrArUrCrCrGrGCG. This sequence is the sense sequence for a 25mer siRNA duplex for use in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

In some embodiments, the compound is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the small molecule is Betulinic acid (available from VWR International/Enzo Life Sciences Intl.); CCT018159 (4-(4-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-6-ethylresorcinol; available from Calbiochem); Diphyllin (available from Sigma; see FIG. 13 a); the FGF/VEGF receptor inhibitor 4-Hydroxy-3-benzimidazol-2-ylhydroquinolin-2-one; Hymenialdisine (available from Biomol International LP); KN-93 (available from Calbiochem); Podophyllotoxin (Podophyllinic Acid Lactone; available from MP Biomedicals); or Sirolimus (Rapamycin; available from LC Laboratories).

In some embodiments, the compound is not CCT018159. In some embodiments, the compound is not Diphyllin.

Also provided herein are compositions comprising a compound that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication. Such compositions may be in a dose effective to modulate influenza virus replication. Such compositions may be in a dose effective to reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication. Such compositions may be pharmaceutical compositions, and may additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier known in the art or described herein. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be in a dose effective to treat influenza virus infection or to reduce or inhibit a symptom or disease associated with influenza virus infection. Compounds for use in these compositions and pharmaceutical compositions may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned nucleic acid compound, such as an siRNA, optionally in an appropriate delivery vehicle; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule. Such compositions may also include another active agent, for example, another compound that targets a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication described herein. In certain embodiments, the compositions, including the pharmaceutical compositions, described herein contain the compound in an amount that is not significantly toxic to the cell, tissue, or subject for which it is intended. Methods of testing toxicity include any method known in the art, for example, as described in Sections 5 and 6 infra.

Provided herein are methods of reducing or inhibiting influenza virus replication, comprising contacting a cell infected with an influenza virus with a compound, or composition comprising the compound, that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication, in an amount sufficient to reduce or inhibit replication of the influenza virus. In one embodiment, a method for reducing or inhibiting replication of an influenza virus comprises: (a) infecting a cell with an influenza virus; and (b) contacting the cell with such a compound or composition in an amount sufficient to reduce or inhibit replication of the influenza virus. Also provided herein are methods for reducing or inhibiting influenza virus replication, comprising: (a) contacting a cell with such a compound or composition in an amount sufficient to reduce or inhibit replication of an influenza virus; and (b) infecting the cell with the influenza virus. In some embodiments, a compound or composition comprising the compound is considered to reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication if it reduces the amount of influenza virus replication as measured compared to a control, such as, for example, influenza virus replication in the absence of the compound or composition, or influenza virus replication in the presence of a negative control. In some embodiments, the compound or composition is contacted to a cell at risk for influenza virus infection. Compounds for use in such methods may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned nucleic acid compound, such as an siRNA, optionally in an appropriate delivery vehicle; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule.

Provided herein are methods for treating an influenza virus infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound, e.g., nucleic acid compound (e.g., siRNA) or small molecule, that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication in an amount sufficient to reduce the influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. Compounds for use in such methods may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned nucleic acid compound, such as an siRNA, optionally in an appropriate delivery vehicle; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule.

Provided herein are methods for treating a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound, e.g., nucleic acid compound (e.g., siRNA) or small molecule, that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication in an amount sufficient to reduce the symptom or disease associated with the influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the subject is infected with an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is at risk for infection with an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. Compounds for use in such methods may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned nucleic acid compound, such as an siRNA, optionally in an appropriate delivery vehicle; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule.

Also provided herein are methods for preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound, e.g., nucleic acid compound (e.g., siRNA) or small molecule, that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication in an amount sufficient to prevent or reduce the symptom or disease associated with the influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the subject is infected with an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is at risk for infection with an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. Compounds for use in such methods may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned nucleic acid compound, such as an siRNA, optionally in an appropriate delivery vehicle; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule.

In certain embodiments of the aforementioned methods, the compounds, compositions, and pharmaceutical compositions are used in an amount that is not significantly toxic to the cell, tissue, or subject for which it is intended. Methods of testing toxicity include any method known in the art, for example, as described in Sections 5 and 6 infra. The aforementioned methods may optionally comprise use of the compound that targets a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication in combination with one or more additional active agents. Such additional active agents include, for example, one or more additional antiviral agents, e.g., an aforementioned compound that targets human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication; an antibiotic; an immunomodulatory agent; or an agent used in the treatment or prophylaxis of one or more pulmonary diseases described herein (see, e.g., Section 5) or known in the art.

In certain of the above embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain of the above embodiments, the influenza virus is an influenza A virus. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is an influenza B virus. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is an influenza C virus. Any type, subtype, or strain of influenza virus described herein or known in the art may be targeted in accordance with the embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is of human origin. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is of avian origin (e.g., H5N1). In some embodiments, the influenza virus is of swine origin (e.g., H1N1). In some embodiments, the compound or composition may have broad antiviral utility, e.g., it modulates replication of an influenza virus and one, or two, or three, or four, or five, or more additional viruses known in the art or yet to be discovered.

3.1 Terms

As used herein, the term “2′-O-methoxyethyl” (also 2′-MOE and 2′-O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃) refers to an O-methoxy-ethyl modification of the 2′ position of a furosyl ring. A 2% O-methoxyethyl modified sugar is a modified sugar. As used herein, the term “2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleotide” means a nucleotide comprising a 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified sugar moiety.

As used herein, the term “5-methylcytosine” means a cytosine modified with a methyl group attached to the 5′ position. A 5-methylcytosine is a modified nucleobase.

As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” when used in conjunction with a number refers to any number within 1, 5 or 10% of the referenced number.

As used herein, the term “antisense compound” means an oligomeric compound that is capable of undergoing hybridization to a target nucleic acid through hydrogen bonding. As used herein, the term “antisense inhibition” means reduction of target nucleic acid levels in the presence of an antisense compound complementary to the target nucleic acid compared to target nucleic acid levels in the absence of the antisense compound. As used herein, the term “antisense oligonucleotide” means a single-stranded oligonucleotide having a nucleobase sequence that permits hybridization to a corresponding region or segment of a target nucleic acid. As used herein, the term “chimeric antisense compound” means an antisense compound that has at least 2 chemically distinct regions, each position having a plurality of subunits.

As used herein, the term “bicyclic sugar” means a furosyl ring modified by the bridging of two non-geminal ring atoms. A bicyclic sugar is a modified sugar. As used herein, the term “bicyclic nucleic acid” or “BNA” refers to a nucleoside or nucleotide wherein the furanose portion of the nucleoside includes a bridge connecting two carbon atoms on the furanose ring, thereby forming a bicyclic ring system.

As used herein, the term “cap structure” or “terminal cap moiety” means chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of an antisense compound.

As used herein, the term “complementarity” means the capacity for pairing between nucleobases of a first nucleic acid and a second nucleic acid. As used herein, the term “mismatch” or “non-complementary nucleobase” means a nucleobase of first nucleic acid that is not capable of pairing with the corresponding nucleobase of a second or target nucleic acid.

As used herein, the term “compound,” unless otherwise specified or apparent from the context, refers to any agent described herein that modulates, reduces, or inhibits influenza virus replication, including the compounds and structures provided herein or incorporated by reference herein, and solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Compounds include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules such as, e.g., double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded or single-stranded RNA, antisense RNA, an RNA interference (RNAi) molecule (e.g., a small interfering RNA (siRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), or short hairpin RNA (shRNA)), intron sequences, triple helix nucleic acid molecules and aptamers; carbohydrates; proteinaceous molecules, such as, e.g., peptides (including dimers and multimers of such peptides), polypeptides, proteins, such as, e.g., post-translationally modified proteins, conjugates, antibodies, antibody fragments, etc. (including intrabodies); small molecules, including inorganic or organic compounds; and lipids. In one embodiment, a compound is one of the compounds identified in Section 5 below. In one embodiment, a compound is purified. In one embodiment, a compound is isolated.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” in the context of administering a treatment to a subject refers to the amount of a treatment which has a prophylactic and/or therapeutic effect(s). In certain embodiments, an “effective amount” in the context of administration of a treatment to a subject refers to the amount of a treatment which is sufficient to achieve one, two, three, four, or more of the following effects: (i) reduce or ameliorate the severity of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (ii) reduce the duration of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (iii) reduce or prevent the progression of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (iv) cause regression of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (v) prevent the development or onset of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (vi) reduce or prevent the recurrence of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (vii) reduce or prevent the spread of a virus from one cell to another cell, one tissue to another tissue, or one organ to another organ; (ix) reduce or prevent the spread of a virus from one subject to another subject; (x) reduce or prevent organ failure associated with a viral infection; (xi) reduce hospitalization of a subject; (xii) reduce hospitalization length; (xiii) increase the survival of a subject with a viral infection; (xiv) eliminate a virus infection; (xv) inhibit or reduce virus replication; (xvi) inhibit or reduce the entry of a virus into a host cell(s); (xviii) inhibit or reduce replication of the viral genome; (xix) inhibit or reduce synthesis of viral proteins; (xx) inhibit or reduce assembly of viral particles; (xxi) inhibit or reduce release of viral particles from a host cell(s); (xxii) reduce viral titer; and/or (xxiii) enhance or improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect(s) of another therapy.

As used herein, the term “hybridization” means the annealing of complementary nucleic acid molecules. In certain embodiments, complementary nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, an antisense compound or oligonucleotide and a nucleic acid target or the paired strands of an siRNA molecule. As used herein, the term “specifically hybridizable” means when there is a sufficient degree of complementarity between an antisense compound and a target sequence to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.

As used herein, the term “in combination,” in the context of the administration of two or more treatments or therapies to a subject, refers to the use of more than one compound or composition, e.g., more than one prophylactic agent and/or therapeutic agent. The two compounds may be formulated together in a single composition. The use of the term “in combination” does not restrict the order in which therapies are administered to a subject with a viral infection. A first therapy (e.g., a first prophylactic or therapeutic agent) can be administered prior to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second therapy to a subject with a viral infection.

As used herein, the term “infection” means the invasion by, multiplication and/or presence of a virus in a cell, tissue, or subject. In one embodiment, an infection is an “active” infection, i.e., one in which the virus is replicating in a cell, tissue, or subject. Such an infection may be characterized by the spread of the virus to other cells, tissues, organs, and/or subjects from the cells, tissues, organs, and/or subjects initially infected by the virus. An infection may also be a latent infection, i.e., one in which the virus is not replicating. In one embodiment, an infection refers to the pathological state resulting from the presence of the virus in a cell, tissue, or subject, or by the invasion of a cell, tissue, or subject by the virus.

In certain embodiments, a compound that inhibits or reduces viral replication reduces viral replication by at least 1.5 fold, 2, fold, 3, fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 6 fold, 7 fold, 8 fold, 9 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 35 fold, 40 fold, 45 fold, 50 fold, 100 fold, 500 fold, or 1000 fold relative to virus replication in the absence of compound or the presence of a negative control. In a specific embodiment, the compound reduces virus replication by at least 2 log relative to virus replication in the absence of compound or the presence of a negative control. In certain embodiments, the compound reduces virus replication by 1.5 to 3 fold, 2 to 4 fold, 3 to 5 fold, 4 to 8 fold, 6 to 9 fold, 8 to 10 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 20 fold, 10 to 40 fold, 10 to 50 fold, 25 to 50 fold, 50 to 100 fold, 75 to 100 fold, 100 to 500 fold, 500 to 1000 fold, or 10 to 1000 fold. In a specific embodiment, the compound reduces the virus replication by approximately 2 logs or more, approximately 3 logs or more, approximately 4 logs or more, approximately 5 logs or more, or 2 to 10 logs or 2 to 5 logs relative to virus replication in the absence of compound or the presence of a negative control.

In one embodiment, a decrease in viral replication is measured using an assay described in Section 5 or Section 6, infra. In some embodiments, a decrease in viral replication is screened for using a library of compounds. In one embodiment, a decrease in viral replication is measured by: (a) contacting a compound or a member of a library of compounds with a cell before (e.g., 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours or more before), concurrently and/or subsequent to (e.g., 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours or more after) infection with the virus; and (b) measuring virus replication. The cells used in the assay should be susceptible to infection by the chosen virus and can be infected at different MOIs. The effect of a compound on virus replication can be assessed by measuring virus replication at different times post-infection. For example, virus replication may be measured 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours or 72 hours post-infection, using any method known to one of skill in the art can be used measure virus replication. In one embodiment, a decrease in viral replication is assessed by measuring viral titer (as determined, e.g., by plaque formation). In another embodiment, a decrease in viral replication is assessed by measuring the production of viral proteins (as determined, e.g., by Western blot analysis, ELISA or flow cytometry). In another embodiment, a decrease in viral replication is assessed by measuring the production of viral nucleic acids (as determined, e.g., by RT-PCR or Northern blot analysis) using techniques known to one of skill in the art. See Sections 5 and 6 below for more details of techniques for measuring viral replication. In some embodiments, viral replication is measured using a virus engineered to contain a reporter, such as the Renilla luciferase virus described in Section 6. In some embodiments, a compound is considered to decrease viral replication if it reduces the amount of viral replication as measured compared to a control, such as, for example, viral replication in the absence of the compound or viral replication in the presence of a negative control.

As used herein, the term “library” in the context of compounds refers to a plurality of compounds. A library can be a combinatorial library, e.g., a collection of compounds synthesized using combinatorial chemistry techniques, or a collection of unique chemicals with a low molecular weight (less than 1000 Daltons).

As used herein, the numeric term “log” refers to log₁₀.

As used herein, the terms “manage,” “managing,” and “management,” in the context of the administration of a treatment to a subject, refer to the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a treatment, which does not result in a cure of a viral infection. In certain embodiments, a subject is administered one or more treatments to “manage” a disease so as to prevent the progression or worsening of the viral infection.

As used herein, the term “modified internucleoside linkage” refers to a substitution or any change from a naturally occurring internucleoside linkage (i.e. a phosphodiester internucleoside bond). As used herein, the term “naturally occurring internucleoside linkage” means a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

As used herein, the term “modified nucleobase” means any nucleobase other than adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil. An “unmodified nucleobase” means the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). As used herein, the term “modified nucleotide” means a nucleotide having, independently, a modified sugar moiety, modified internucleoside linkage, or modified nucleobase. A “modified nucleoside” means a nucleoside having, independently, a modified sugar moiety or modified nucleobase. As used herein, the term “modified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide comprising a modified internucleoside linkage, a modified sugar, or a modified nucleobase. As used herein, the term “modified sugar” refers to a substitution or any change from a natural sugar.

As used herein, the term “motif” means the pattern of unmodified and modified nucleosides in an antisense compound.

As used herein, the phrase “multiplicity of infection” or “MOI” is the average number of virus per infected cell. The MOI is determined by dividing the number of virus added (ml added×PFU) by the number of cells added (ml added×cells/ml).

As used herein, the term “natural sugar” means a sugar found in DNA (2′-H) or RNA (2′-OH).

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” refers to a molecule composed of monomeric nucleotides. A nucleic acid includes, but is not limited to, ribonucleic acids (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), single-stranded nucleic acids, double-stranded nucleic acids, small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNA), and microRNAs (miRNA).

As used herein, the term “nucleobase” means a heterocyclic moiety capable of pairing with a base of another nucleic acid. As used herein, the term “nucleobase sequence” means the order of contiguous nucleobases independent of any sugar, linkage, or nucleobase modification.

As used herein, the term “nucleoside” means a nucleobase linked to a sugar.

As used herein, the term “nucleotide” means a nucleoside having a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside.

As used herein, the term “oligomeric compound” means a polymer of linked monomeric subunits which is capable of hybridizing to at least a region of a nucleic acid molecule.

As used herein, the term “oligonucleoside” means an oligonucleotide in which the internucleoside linkages do not contain a phosphorus atom.

As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” means a polymer of linked nucleosides each of which can be modified or unmodified, independent one from another.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound prepared from a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base including, but not limited to an inorganic acid, an inorganic base, an organic acid, or an organic base. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of the compounds include, but are not limited to metallic salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc or organic salts made from lysine, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine. Suitable acids include, but are not limited to, inorganic and organic acids such as acetic, alginic, anthranilic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, furoic, galacturonic, gluconic, glucuronic, glutamic, glycolic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, propionic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tartaric, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Specific acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and methanesulfonic acid. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride or a mesylate salt. Others are well-known in the art. See for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1990) or Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1995).

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “hydrate” means a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “solvate” means a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of a solvent bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.

As used herein, the term “phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage” means a linkage between nucleosides where the phosphodiester bond is modified by replacing one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms with a sulfur atom. A phosphorothioate linkage is a modified internucleoside linkage.

As used herein, the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” in the context of the administration of a treatment to a subject to prevent a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated with a viral infection refer to one or more of the following effects resulting from the administration of a treatment or a combination of treatments: (i) the inhibition of the development or onset of a viral infection and/or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (ii) the inhibition of the recurrence of a viral infection and/or a symptom or disease associated therewith; and or (iii) delaying or forestalling the onset of a viral infection and/or a symptom or disease associated therewith.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “prodrug” means a compound derivative that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide the compound. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, derivatives and metabolites of a compound that include biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues. In certain embodiments, prodrugs of compounds with carboxyl functional groups are the lower alkyl esters of the carboxylic acid. The carboxylic esters are conveniently formed by esterifying any of the carboxylic acid moieties present on the molecule. Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such as those described by Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery 6th ed. (Donald J. Abraham ed., 2001, Wiley) and Design and Application of Prodrugs (H. Bundgaard ed., 1985, Harwood Academic Publishers Gmfh).

As used herein, the term “prophylactic” refers to use of an agent in the prevention of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith. In some embodiments, the prophylactic agent does not result in the complete prevention of the viral infection or symptom or disease associated therewith. In a specific embodiment, a prophylactic agent is an agent which is known to be useful to or has been or is currently being used to prevent or impede the onset and/or development of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith.

As used herein, the term “prophylactically effective amount” refers to the amount of a treatment (e.g., with a prophylactic agent) which is sufficient to prevent a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith in a subject. In certain embodiments, a “prophylactically effective amount” is the amount of a compound that reduces the incidence of a viral infection in a subject. In a specific embodiment, the incidence of a viral infection in a subject is reduced by at least 2.5%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 35%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 85%, by at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% in a subject administered a compound relative to a subject or group of subjects (e.g., two, three, five, ten or more subjects) not administered the compound.

As used herein, the term “purified,” in the context of a compound that is chemically synthesized, refers to a compound that is substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. In a specific embodiment, the compound is 60%, preferably 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 99% free of other, different compounds.

As used herein, the terms “purified” and “isolated” when used in the context of a compound (including nucleic acid molecules or proteinaceous agents) that is obtained from a natural source, e.g., cells, refers to a compound which is substantially free of contaminating materials from the natural source, e.g., soil particles, minerals, chemicals from the environment, and/or cellular materials from the natural source, such as but not limited to cell debris, cell wall materials, membranes, organelles, the bulk of the nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and/or lipids present in cells. The phrase “substantially free of natural source materials” refers to preparations of a compound that has been separated from the material (e.g., cellular components of the cells) from which it is isolated. Thus, a compound that is isolated includes preparations of a compound having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, or 1% (by dry weight) of cellular materials and/or contaminating materials.

A “purified” or “isolated” nucleic acid sequence or nucleotide sequence, such as an siRNA, miRNA, shRNA, or a vector construct for producing such a molecule, can be substantially free of other cellular material or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors when chemically synthesized. In certain embodiments, an “isolated” nucleic acid sequence or nucleotide sequence is a nucleic acid sequence or nucleotide sequence that is recombinantly expressed in a heterologous cell.

As used herein, the terms “replication,” “viral replication” and “virus replication” in the context of a virus refer to one or more, or all, of the stages of a viral life cycle which result in infection with or propagation of virus. The steps of a viral life cycle include, but are not limited to, virus attachment to the host cell surface, penetration or entry of the host cell (e.g., through receptor mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion), uncoating (the process whereby the viral capsid is removed and degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes thus releasing the viral genomic nucleic acid), genome replication, synthesis of viral messenger RNA (mRNA), viral protein synthesis, and assembly of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes for genome replication, assembly of virus particles, post-translational modification of the viral proteins, and release from the host cell by lysis or budding and acquisition of a phospholipid envelope which contains embedded viral glycoproteins. In some embodiments, the terms “replication,” “viral replication” and “virus replication” refer to the replication of the viral genome. In other embodiments, the terms “replication,” “viral replication” and “virus replication” refer to the synthesis of viral proteins.

As used herein, the term “single-stranded oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide which is not hybridized to a complementary strand.

As used herein, the term “small interfering RNA” or “siRNA” refers to a double-stranded RNA molecule that reduces or inhibits the expression of a target human host cell factor. The term is understood to encompass RNA interference (RNAi). RNA interference (RNAi) refers to the process of sequence-specific post transcriptional gene silencing in mammals mediated by siRNAs (see, e.g., Fire et al, 1998, Nature 391, 806). Any nucleic acid compound or formulation that results in formation of an siRNA molecule may be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein. See, e.g., Section 5 below.

As used herein, the terms “small molecule” and “small molecular weight compound,” and analogous terms include, but are not limited to, peptides, peptidomimetics, amino acids, amino acid analogs, polynucleotides, polynucleotide analogs, nucleotides, nucleotide analogs, other organic and inorganic compounds (i.e., including heteroorganic and organometallic compounds) having a molecular weight less than about 10,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 5,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 1,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 500 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 100 grams per mole, as well as solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In one embodiment, the small molecule is an organic compound other than a peptide, peptidomimetic, amino acid, amino acid analog, polynucleotide, polynucleotide analog, nucleic acid, nucleotide or nucleotide analog.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “stereoisomer” or “stereomerically pure compound” means one stereoisomer of a compound, in the context of an organic or inorganic molecule, that is substantially free of other stereoisomers of that compound. For example, a stereomerically pure compound having one chiral center will be substantially free of the opposite enantiomer of the compound. A stereomerically pure compound having two chiral centers will be substantially free of other diastereomers of the compound. A typical stereomerically pure compound is characterized by an enantiomeric excess greater than about 60% of one stereoisomer of the compound over one or more other stereoisomers of the compound, greater than about 80% of one stereoisomer of the compound over one or more other stereoisomers of the compound, greater than about 90% of the compound over one or more other stereoisomers of the compound, greater than about 94% of one stereoisomer of the compound over one or more other stereoisomers of the compound, or greater than about 97% of one stereoisomer of the compound over one or more other stereoisomers of the compound or greater than about 99% of one stereoisomer of the compound over one or more other stereoisomers of the compound. The compounds can have chiral centers and can occur as racemates, individual enantiomers or diastereomers, and mixtures thereof. All such isomeric forms are included within the embodiments disclosed herein, including mixtures thereof.

Various compounds contain one or more chiral centers, and can exist as racemic mixtures of enantiomers, mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomerically or optically pure compounds. The use of stereomerically pure forms of such compounds, as well as the use of mixtures of those forms are encompassed by the embodiments disclosed herein. For example, mixtures comprising equal or unequal amounts of the enantiomers of a particular compound may be used in methods and compositions disclosed herein. These isomers may be asymmetrically synthesized or resolved using standard techniques such as chiral columns or chiral resolving agents. See, e.g., Jacques, J., et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen, S. H., et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E. L., Stereochemistry of Carbon compounds (McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1962); and Wilen, S. H., Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 1N, 1972).

It should also be noted that compounds, in the context of organic and inorganic molecules, can include E and Z isomers, or a mixture thereof, and cis and trans isomers or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, compounds are isolated as either the E or Z isomer. In other embodiments, compounds are a mixture of the E and Z isomers.

As used herein, the terms “subject” or “patient” are used interchangeably. As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal (e.g., bird, reptile, mammal), preferably a mammal including a non-primate (e.g., camel, donkey, zebra, cow, pig, horse, goat, sheep, cat, dog, rat, mouse) and a primate (e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee, human), and most preferably a human.

As used herein, the term “premature human infant” refers to a human infant born at less than 37 weeks of gestational age.

As used herein, the term “human infant” refers to a newborn to 1 year old year human.

As used herein, the term “human child” refers to a human that is 1 year to 18 years old.

As used herein, the term “human adult” refers to a human that is 18 years or older.

As used herein, the term “elderly human” refers to a human 65 years or older.

As used herein, the term “synergistic,” in the context of the effect of treatments (or one treatment in which two active agents are administered together), refers to a combination of treatments which is more effective than the additive effect of any two or more single treatments. In a specific embodiment, a synergistic effect of a combination of treatments permits the use of lower dosages of one or more treatments and/or less frequent administration of said treatments to a subject with a viral infection or a disease or symptom associated therewith. In certain embodiments, the ability to utilize lower dosages of treatments (e.g., the compounds described herein, or prophylactic or therapeutic agents) and/or to administer said treatments less frequently reduces the toxicity associated with the administration of said treatments to a subject without reducing the efficacy of said treatments in the prevention or treatment of a viral infection or a disease or symptom associated therewith. In some embodiments, a synergistic effect results in improved efficacy of treatments (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents) in the prevention, management and/or treatment of a viral infection or a disease or symptom associated therewith. In some embodiments, a synergistic effect of a combination of treatments (e.g., the compounds described herein, or prophylactic or therapeutic agents) avoids or reduces adverse or unwanted side effects associated with the use of any single treatment.

As used herein, in the context of a nucleic acid compound (e.g., siRNA or antisense) that modulates the expression or activity of a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication, “targeted” or “targeted to” means having a nucleobase sequence that will allow its hybridization to a target nucleic acid (e.g., human host cell factor required for influenza virus replication) to induce a desired effect. In certain embodiments, a desired effect is a reduction in the amount of a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a desired effect is reduction of the expression (protein or mRNA) and/or activity of the target human host cell factor. In certain embodiments, a desired effect is reduction of influenza virus replication. In the same context, “targeting” means the process of design and selection of a nucleic acid compound that will specifically hybridize to a target nucleic acid and induce a desired effect. In the same context, “target human host cell factor,” “target gene,” “target nucleic acid,” “target RNA,” “target RNA transcript” and “nucleic acid target” all refer to a nucleic acid capable of being targeted by such a nucleic acid compound. In the same context, “target region” means a portion of a target to which one or more nucleic acid compounds is targeted. In the same context, “target segment” refers to a smaller portion or sub-portion of a region within a target. For example, a target segment can be the sequence of nucleotides of a target nucleic acid to which a nucleic acid compound is targeted.

As used herein, the terms “therapies” and “therapy” can refer to any protocol(s), method(s), compound(s), composition(s), formulation(s), inhibitor(s), and/or agent(s) that can be used in the prevention, treatment, management, or amelioration of a viral infection or a symptom associated therewith. In certain embodiments, the terms “therapies” and “therapy” refer to biological therapy, supportive therapy, and/or other therapies useful in treatment, management, prevention, or amelioration of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith known to one of skill in the art.

As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a treatment or therapy that is sufficient to treat, prevent, and/or manage a viral infection or a disease or symptom associated therewith. In certain embodiments, a “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount of a compound that reduces the severity, the duration and/or the symptoms associated with a viral infection or a disease or symptom associated therewith in a subject. In certain embodiments, a “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount of a compound that results in a reduction in viral titer by at least 1.5 logs, at least 2 logs, at least 3 logs, at least 4 logs, or at least 5 logs in a subject administered a compound relative to the viral titer in a subject or group of subjects (e.g., two, three, five, ten or more subjects) not administered a compound. In certain embodiments, a “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount of a compound that results in a reduction in viral titer by 1.5 to 10 logs, 1.5 to 5 logs, 2 to 10 logs, 2 to 5 logs, or 2 to 4 logs in a subject administered a compound relative to the viral titer in a subject or group of subjects (e.g., two, three, five, ten or more subjects) not administered a compound.

As used herein, the terms “therapeutic agent” and “therapeutic agents” refer to any agent(s) (e.g., a compound) that can be used in the prevention, treatment and/or management of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith. In a specific embodiment, a therapeutic agent is an agent that is known to be useful for, or has been or is currently being used for the prevention, treatment, and/or management of a viral infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” and “treating” refer, in the context of administration of a therapy to a subject to treat a viral infection, to a beneficial or therapeutic effect of a therapy or a combination of therapies. In some embodiments, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” and “treating” refer to administering a compound or composition described herein to effect an alteration or improvement of a disease, condition, or symptom associated therewith. In specific embodiments, such terms refer to one, two, three, four, five or more of the following effects resulting from the administration of a therapy or treatment or a combination thereof: (i) the reduction or amelioration of the severity of a viral infection and/or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (ii) the reduction in the duration of a viral infection and/or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (iii) the regression of a viral infection and/or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (iv) the reduction of the titer of a virus; (v) the reduction in organ failure associated with a viral infection or a disease associated therewith; (vi) the reduction in hospitalization of a subject; (vii) the reduction in hospitalization length; (viii) the increase in the survival of a subject; (ix) the elimination of a virus infection or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (x) the reduction or inhibition of the progression of a viral infection and/or a symptom or disease associated therewith; (xi) the reduction or prevention of the spread of a virus from a cell, tissue, organ or subject to another cell, tissue, organ or subject; (xii) the inhibition or reduction in the entry of a virus into a host cell; (xiii) the inhibition or reduction in the replication of the viral genome; (xiv) the inhibition or reduction in the synthesis of viral proteins; (xv) the inhibition or reduction in the release of viral particles from a host cell; and/or (xvi) the enhancement or improvement the therapeutic effect of another therapy or treatment. In some embodiments, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” and “treating” refer to the administration of a compound to one or more cells, tissues, organs, subjects, or other virus substrate.

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. A Genome-wide RNAi Screen for Influenza Virus Host Cellular Factors. (a) A schematic of the recombinant WSN-Ren virus showing the HA segment modified to express Renilla luciferase but maintaining the HA packaging sequences. (b) An arrayed genome-wide RNAi library (100,000 siRNAs targeting over 19,000 human genes) was transfected into A549 cells. Cells were subsequently infected with WSN-Ren and virus replication was monitored by measuring luciferase activities at the indicated times.

FIG. 2. Identification of Host Factors Involved in Influenza Virus Entry. (a) Illustration of the screen progression from primary genome-wide analysis to the identification of factors involved in entry and post-entry steps in the virus life cycle. The number of confirmed genes and number of genes tested at each stage (in parentheses) are indicated. (b) The relative effects of gene depletion (2 siRNAs/gene) on infection of luciferase-encoding HIV particles pseudotyped with WSN, VSV or MMLV envelopes (right panel). Effects of siRNA upon wild-type WSN virus replication and transcription of viral NP and M1 genes are also shown (left panel). (c) Infection of siRNA-transfected A549 cells with influenza virus virus-like particles (VLPs) carrying a beta-lactamase (Bla-M1) fusion protein. The percentages of cells containing detectable cytoplasmic beta-lactamase activity are indicated. (d) Cells depleted of ARCN1 and infected with wild-type WSN virus were fixed and stained for NP and nuclei at the indicated times and analyzed by confocal microscopy. The enlarged images at 90 min post-infection indicate the lack of incoming RNP complexes in the nucleus in cells depleted of ARCN1.

FIG. 3. Characterization of Factors in Post-Entry Replication Events and Conserved Requirement by Different Influenza Viruses. (a) The impact of host factor depletion on the nuclear localization of viral NP protein at 90 and 180 minutes after A/WSN/33 virus infection is shown (right panel). Significant effects (p<0.01 based on Welch T-test) are seen at 180 min with all genes and with CSE1L, PRSS35, F13A1 (p<0.02) at 90 min. Levels of virus replication (WT WSN), viral gene (NP/M1) transcription and entry of WSN pseudotyped particles or Bla-M1 VLPs in cells lacking these factors are shown in the left panel. Values relative to negative controls (bottom row) are depicted in a continuum. (b) Confocal imaging of influenza virus NP protein localization at the indicated times following A/WSN/33 virus infection in cells depleted of CSE1L, CAMK2B and KPNB1. Arrows in the 90′ inset indicate nuclear RNPs. (c) The effects of host factor depletion on replication of an influenza virus mini-genome firefly reporter. The normalized fold reduction of firefly luciferase for each gene is shown relative to the scrambled siRNA control (SC1) +/− standard deviation. All reductions are significant (p<0.05) by Student's T-test. (FF=firefly luciferase siRNA). (d) KN-93, a selective inhibitor of CAMK2B, inhibits A/WSN/33 influenza viral replication in a dose-dependent manner in MDCK cells, without affecting cell viability (ATP levels). Mean titers +/− standard deviation of triplicate samples are shown. (e) A549 cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting the indicated genes and subsequently infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus, swine-origin influenza A/Netherlands/602/2009 (H1N1) virus (SOIV) or VSV. Virus growth is shown as the average percent relative to the scrambled siRNA control (SC1) +/− standard deviation. *below level of detection (1×104 pfu/ml). NP=siRNA for influenza A virus NP, RPS=siRNA for RPS27A.

FIG. 4. Infectivity—toxicity relationship curve. To establish a threshold for discarding siRNAs that induce cellular toxicity, we investigated the impact of a dilution series (right to left on X-axis) of a toxic siRNA (siRPS27A—dark gray dots), an siRNA known to inhibit influenza virus Renilla luciferase reporter activity (siRNA targeting Renilla-light gray dots), and a negative control siRNA (black dots) on both influenza A virus replication and cellular toxicity assay. A score of zero represents low virus replication or reduced cell viability and a score of one represents maximum activity in corresponding assays. For example, the lowest dilution of positive control siRNA scores 1 in the infectivity score (bottom left), and the highest dilution scores 0 (top). The toxicity score for each of these are 1 and 0.4, respectively. Based on these relationships, a decision boundary was established (light gray curve; see Methods in Section 6 infra); if an siRNA fell below the boundary, it was considered to be toxic. Otherwise, it was considered a true hit (p<0.05). Three siRNAs were tested in ≧4 replicates. Toxic control (dark gray dots) fell below the decision boundary. Positive control (light gray dots) fell above the decision boundary. Negative non-toxic control (black dots) mostly fell below the decision boundary.

FIG. 5. Functional classification of influenza A virus-host cellular proteins. 177 of the 295 identified host proteins were classified into related functional groups revealing 11 highly overrepresented biological processes required for influenza virus replication. Host cellular genes are represented on the y-axis, and their inclusion in a primary functional category or secondary function category is indicated along the x-axis. Boundaries of gene clusters and biological processes are represented by gray lines. Enrichment scores for each functional class are also given. Functional classification and enrichment analysis was conducted using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) Bioinformatics Resource (Huang et al., 2009).

FIG. 6. Small molecule inhibitors targeting identified host factors reduce influenza virus growth. MDCK-HA cells were infected with WSN-Ren virus at an MOI of 0.03 in the presence of increasing concentrations of various inhibitors targeting specific host genes that were confirmed as host cellular factors for influenza virus entry. DMSO control was set to a 100%. Virus growth was assayed at 36 h post-infection and mean inhibition +/− standard deviation of triplicate samples are shown as grey bars. The concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC₅₀) and the respective target genes are indicated. Cell viability (toxicity) with increasing concentrations of each respective inhibitor was assessed in parallel experiments (black lines). Small molecules targeting host factors are as follows: Sirolimus (Rapamycin) and FRAP1 (mTOR; GeneID 2475) (Terada et al., 1992; Price et al., 1992; and Chung et al., 1992); HSP90 Inhibitor CCT018159 (4-(4-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-6-ethylresorcinol) and HSP90AA1 (GeneID 3320) (Hardcastle et al., 2005; Sharp et al., 2007; and Smith et al., 2006); Podophyllotoxin (Podophyllinic Acid Lactone) and TUBB (tubulin beta; Gene ID 203068 (Desbene at al., 2002); FGF/VEGF Receptor Inhibitor (4-Hydroxy-3-benzimidazol-2-ylhydroquinolin-2-one) and FGFR4 (GeneID 2264; possibly also FGFR2 (GeneID 2263), or VEGFB (GeneID 7423 (Renhowe et al., 2009); Hymenialdisine and GSK3b (GeneID 2932) (Supriyono at al., 1995; Meijer et al., 2000); and Betulinic Acid and ANPEP (aminopeptidase N; GeneID 290) (Melzig & Borman, 1998).

FIG. 7. The vATPase subunit, ATP6V0C, is a host gene involved in influenza virus entry. (a) Influenza virus VLPs carrying a Bla-M1 fusion protein were used to infect A549 cells pretransfected with the cognate siRNAs. The percentage of cells containing detectable cytoplasmic beta-lactamase activity is indicated. In cells transfected with a scrambled control siRNA, approximately 74% were infected by the VLPs as measured by cytoplasmic beta-lactamase activity (second panel). However, depletion of ATP6V0C resulted in reduced VLP entry (10.5%). (b) Viral replication kinetics in control and ATP6V0C-depleted cells was monitored by tracking the localization of influenza virus NP protein. Cells were stained for NP and nuclei and analyzed by confocal microscopy. At 90 minutes post infection an inhibition of incoming RNP accumulation in the nucleus was observed and a delay in the appearance of newly synthesized NP both in the nucleus (180 min) and cytoplasm (420 min) was seen. (c) Further confocal immunofluorescence analysis of HA and Early Endosome Antigen 1 (EEA1) proteins in ATP6V0C siRNA-transfected cells (top panel) or negative control siRNA-transfected cells (bottom panel), 20 minutes after infection with WSN virus. The compressed z-stack images shown at 100× magnification are representative of at least 20 cells. Scale bar represents 10 um. There is an increased number of HA-containing particles observed in the vATPase-deficient cells relative to the controls (n=199 versus n=90 in these examples). Approximately 19% (38/199) of the virions in the ATP6V0C siRNA-treated cells were judged to be co-localized with EEA1 (white arrows, insets).

FIG. 8. Diphyllin, a small molecule targeting vATPases (Sorensen et al., 2007), inhibits influenza virus entry. (a) Chemical structure of diphyllin. (b) Dose-dependent inhibition of influenza A/WSN/33 virus (MOI=1) by diphyllin in A549 cells. The concentrations for 50% cytotoxicity (CC₅₀), 50% inhibition (IC₅₀) and the selective index (SI) are indicated. (c) Kinetic analysis of diphyllin-mediated inhibition of influenza virus in A549 cells. Compound was added to the cells at the indicated times pre- and post-infection (MOI=1). Viral titers were determined at 24 h. (d) Entry of the luciferase-expressing lentivirus particles pseudotyped with influenza virus (WSN), VSV or MMLV envelope in the absence or presence of diphyllin. (e) Entry of influenza virus VLPs carrying Bla-M1 in the presence of diphyllin. The percent entry is indicated.

FIG. 9. High content imaging of viral infection in host-factor depleted cells. The high-content imaging-based analysis was performed using the Opera (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, Mass.), a fully automated microscope system. 384-well plates containing A549 cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting the indicating genes. 48 h post infection cells were infected with A/WSN/33 virus and fixed at the indicated time points. After immunofluorescence labeling (see Section 6, infra, Methods), cells were imaged using a 40×0.9NA water immersion lens (Olympus), and representative images were selected. A total of 10-11 images for both the nuclear stain (Hoechst) and the Alexa488 labeled WSN-NP were taken in each well.

FIG. 10. Confocal imaging of influenza virus infected cells after host factor depletion. Additional confocal imaging at higher resolution was conducted to better visualize nuclear import of incoming vRNPs at 90′ post infection. A549 cells pre-transfected for 48 h with the indicated siRNAs were infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus (MOI=10) and stained for NP and nuclei at 90 min, 3 h and 7 h post infection.

FIG. 11. CAMK2B inhibition in A549 cells impairs influenza virus growth. A549 cells were infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus in the presence of DMSO or 20 μM KN-93. Viral growth was determined by plaque assay at 24 h post infection. The mean viral titer +/− standard deviation of triplicate samples is shown. These data are consistent with the inhibition of influenza virus replication by KN-93 in MDCK cells (FIGS. 3 d and 3 e).

FIG. 12. Additional effects of influenza virus host factors on VSV replication. siRNA-transfected A549 cells were infected with VSV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01 at 48 h post siRNA transfection. At 36 h post infection supernatants were harvested and virus titers were determined by plaque assay on Vero cells. The mean viral titer +/− standard deviation of triplicate samples is shown.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present application is based, in part, on the discovery that influenza virus replication can be modulated by pharmacologically targeting human host cell factors required for viral replication. Targeting host cell factors, rather than the viral factors required for influenza virus replication, may greatly reduce the emergence of viral resistance and expands the number of targets for antiviral intervention. Without being limited by theory, the embodiments provided herein are based in part on the discovery that compounds (including, e.g., nucleic acid compounds, such as siRNAs, and small molecules) that reduce or inhibit the expression or activity of specific classes of human host cell proteins reduce influenza virus replication and thus are useful as antiviral agents.

Provided herein are compounds, including but not limited to nucleic acid compounds (e.g., siRNAs) and small molecules, that target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication, compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds and compositions for modulating influenza virus replication. Provided herein are compounds, including but not limited to nucleic acid compounds (e.g., siRNAs) and small molecules, that target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication, compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds and compositions for reducing or inhibiting influenza virus replication, or for treating or preventing influenza virus infection, or a symptom associated therewith, in a subject in need thereof.

5.1 Compounds That Target Human Host Cells Factors Involved In Influenza Virus Replication

Provided herein are compounds, including but not limited to nucleic acid compounds (e.g., siRNAs) and small molecules, that target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compound modulates influenza virus replication by altering the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of the human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits influenza virus replication by reducing or inhibiting the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of the human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is required for influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor interacts with a component of the influenza virus. In some embodiments, the interaction of the host cell factor with the component of the influenza virus is direct. In some embodiments, the host cell factor is not involved in the non-specific induction of an antiviral state, e.g., the cellular interferon system, recognition of double-stranded RNA, etc. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor does not interact with a component of the influenza virus. In some embodiments, the host cell factor is required for influenza virus replication in human cells but not in insect cells.

The compounds provided herein target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication and modulate influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication and reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication. The targeted human host cell factor may be required for influenza virus replication. The targeted human host cell factor may be involved in or required for one or more of the following events of the influenza virus life cycle: entry; uncoating; nuclear import; viral RNA transcription; or viral RNA translation. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is not involved in influenza virus entry. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is not involved in the nuclear import stage. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is not involved in influenza virus assembly, budding, or release from host cells. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is required for replication of viruses whose entry into cells is low-pH-dependent. For example, the human host cell factor may be required for entry of such viruses into cells.

The effect of a compound on the different steps of the viral life cycle may be assayed using techniques known to one of skill in the art. RNA replication and transcription may be measured by measuring the replication and transcription of reporter gene product from an influenza virus mini-genome reporter construct, using, e.g., the assays disclosed herein. Such assays permit the identification of inhibitors of the viral polymerase or inhibitors of cellular proteins that are involved in viral RNA replication, translation or RNA trafficking. In some embodiments, the compound does not have an inhibitory effect on the overall host cell replication machinery, or has only a slight inhibitory effect compared to the effect on viral replication, as monitored by assays such as, e.g., the expression of a Renilla luciferase reporter from a control plasmid (e.g., Section 6 below).

In other embodiments, the inhibitors alter the kinetics of the viral cycle, e.g., the rate of viral replication or particle production is decreased. In some embodiments, the kinetic effect of a compound is measured by adding the compound to a cell at different times (e.g., before, concurrently with, or after) infection with a virus.

The targeted human host cell factor may be involved in or required for replication of more than one strain or sub-type of influenza. For example, the human host cell factor may be involved in or required for replication of an influenza A virus, an influenza B virus, and/or an influenza C virus. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is involved in or required for replication of a human-origin, an avian-origin (e.g., H5N1), and/or a swine-origin (e.g., H1N1) influenza virus. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is also required for replication of one or more other viruses, e.g., but not limited to, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is not required for replication (including, e.g., entry) of viruses whose entry into cells is pH-independent, such as, e.g., murine leukemia virus (MMLV). In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is not required for replication (e.g., entry, genome replication, etc.) of one or more of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Dengue virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), West Nile virus (WNV), or VSV. In some embodiments, the human host cell factor is uniquely required for influenza virus replication.

In some embodiments, a compound provided herein targets a component or regulator of, or factor that interacts with, one or more of the following categories of human host cell factors: cytoskeleton; ribonucleoprotein; spliceosome; ubiquitin/proteasome system; ribosome or other translation machinery; kinase; phosphatase; signaling (e.g., G-protein coupled receptors; signaling at the plasma membrane); mitochondrion or mitochondrial ribosome; plasminogen; stress response; v-ATPase; ion channel or other ion transport; nucleus; sumoylation; nuclear transport; nucleotide binding; cell cycle; vesicular transport (e.g., COPI vesicle); chromosome; or carboxylic acid metabolism. In some embodiments, a compound provided herein, and for use in the compositions and methods provided herein, targets a component or regulator of, or a factor that interacts with, one or more of the following categories of human host cell factors: IP3-PKC pathway; COPI vesicles; endosomal uptake, maturation, acidification, and fusion; actin organization and function; PI3K-AKT pathway; endosomal recycling pathway; MAPK pathway; proteases; calcium/calmodulin system; nuclear trafficking; trafficking; sumoylation; microtubule organization (including assembly) and function; autophagy; or ubiquitination. Exemplary, non-limiting, components or regulators of, or factors that interact with, these categories of human host cell factors that may be targeted in accordance with these embodiments are provided in Table 5 infra (see, e.g., the column labeled “Gene names”). In particular embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of a human host cell factor in one of the aforementioned categories.

In some embodiments, the compound modulates the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 3. In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 3.

In some embodiments, the compound modulates the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 7. In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 7.

In some embodiments, the compound modulates the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 9. In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the human host cell factors listed in Table 9.

In some embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ACRC; AKAP13; AKT1; ANAPC2; ANPEP; ARCN1; BRWD3; CAD; CAMK2B; CANT1; CBLL1; CD81; CHAF1A; CLK1; CLOCK; COPA; COPB1; COPB2; COPG; CSE1L; CTSW; DTX2; DUSP3; EPHB2; EPS8L3; F13A1; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; FPR1, FRAP1 (mTOR); GABBR1; GRK6; GSK3B; HAND2; HIST3H3; HSP90AA1; IL1F9; ITGA3; JAK2; KCNJ11; KPNB1; MAP2K3; MAP3K11; MAP3K12; MC1R; MID11P1; NEK6; NUP153; NUP214; OSBPL6; PHF2; PLK4; PPP1R12C; PPP1R14D; PRPH2; PRSS35; PSMD1; RAB11B; RBM5; RP11-45B20.2; RPS10; RPS20; SF3A1; SNRPA1; STK31; STK39; STX10; SUMO2; SUMO4; TBK1; TEAD3; TNPO3; TRPV2; TUBB; UBXD3; USE1; VEGFB (GeneID 7423); WDR18; WDR34; or one or more v-ATPase subunits, e.g., ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP1 (gene ID numbers for representative human host cell factors are provided in Tables 3 and 9). In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the aforementioned human host cell factors.

In certain embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: AKAP13; ARCN; BRWD3; CD81; COPG; CTSW; DUSP3; EPHB2; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; GABBR1; GSK3B; ITGA3; JAK2; MAP2K3; NEK6; RAB11B; or one or more of the v-ATPase subunits, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP1. In certain embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: CAMK2B; CSE1L; F13A1; KPNB1; MAP3K12; PP1R14D; PRSS35; RPS10; SF3A1; or SUMO4. In certain embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ACRC; DTX2; EPS8L3; FPR1; MAP3K11; NUP214; PRPH2; RP1′-45B20.2; STX10; SUMO2; TRPV2; or TUBB. In certain embodiments, the compound modulates the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ANPEP; CAM2 KB; FGFR4; FRAP1 (mTOR); GSK3B/CSNK1G2; HSP90AA1; or TUBB. In specific embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the aforementioned human host cell factors.

The compound may be any compound described herein, known in the art, or yet to be discovered that targets one or more of the aforementioned categories of human host cell factors, a specific factor(s) in such a category, and/or one of the aforementioned human host cell factors. In certain embodiments, the compound is not toxic to the human host cell.

In certain embodiments, the compound does not target AKT1, ARCN1, COPG, GRK6, HAND2, HIST3H3, an HSP90 (e.g., HSP90AA1), NUP153, RBM5, RPS10, RPS20, or a v-ATPase subunit. In certain embodiments, the compound does not reduce or inhibit the expression and/or activity of AKT1, ARCN1, COPG, GRK6, HAND2, HIST3H3, an HSP90 (e.g., HSP90AA1), NUP153, RBM5, RPS10, RPS20, or a v-ATPase subunit. In certain embodiments, the compound does not target AKAP13, CD81, CAMK2B, CSE1L, DUSP3, FGFR2, FGFR4, GSK3B, ITGA3, KPNB1, MAP2K3, or RAB11B. In certain embodiments, the compound does not reduce or inhibit the expression and/or activity of AKAP13, CD81, CAMK2B, CSE1L, DUSP3, FGFR2, FGFR4, GSK3B, ITGA3, KPNB1, MAP2K3, or RAB11B.

In some embodiments, the compound is an agent that reduces or inhibits the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compound is an agent that reduces or inhibits the expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) and/or activity of a human host cell factor required for influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the interaction of a human host cell factor with a component of the influenza virus. In some embodiments, the compound does not trigger a non-influenza-specific antiviral state. For example, in some embodiments, an siRNA compound does not induce a non-specific antiviral state, for example, it does not induce an interferon response. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits the interaction of a human host cell factor with a component of the influenza virus. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits a direct interaction of a human host cell factor with a component of the influenza virus. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits influenza virus replication in human cells but not in insect cells. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits one or more of the following events of the influenza viral life cycle: entry; uncoating; nuclear import; viral RNA transcription; or viral RNA translation. In some embodiments, the compound does not reduce influenza virus entry. In some embodiments, the compound does not reduce the nuclear import stage. In some embodiments, the compound does not reduce or inhibit influenza virus assembly, budding, or release from host cells. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits replication of viruses whose entry into cells is low-pH-dependent. For example, the compound may reduce or inhibit entry of such viruses into cells.

In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits replication of more than one strain or sub-type of influenza. For example, the compound may reduce or inhibit replication of influenza virus A, an influenza B virus, and/or an influenza C virus. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits replication of a human-origin, an avian-origin (e.g., H5N1), and/or a swine-origin (e.g., H1N1) influenza virus. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits replication of another virus in addition to influenza virus such as, e.g., vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). In some embodiments, the compound does not reduce or inhibit replication (including, e.g., entry) of viruses whose entry into cells is pH-independent, such as, e.g., MMLV. In some embodiments, the compound does not reduce or inhibit replication (e.g., entry, genome replication, etc.) of one or more of HIV, Dengue virus, HCV, WNV, or VSV. In some embodiments, the compound reduces or inhibits influenza virus replication and not the replication of other viruses.

The compounds provided herein include compounds of any structure described herein or incorporated by reference herein, and solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Such compounds include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules including, but not limited to, double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded or single-stranded RNA, antisense RNA, RNA interference (RNAi) molecules (e.g., small interfering RNA (siRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), etc.), intron sequences, triple helix nucleic acid molecules and aptamers; carbohydrates; proteinaceous molecules, including, but not limited to, peptides (including dimers and multimers of such peptides), polypeptides, proteins, including post-translationally modified proteins, conjugates, antibodies or antibody fragments (including intrabodies), etc.; small molecules, including inorganic or organic compounds; and lipids. In one embodiment, a compound is purified. In one embodiment, a compound is isolated.

5.1.1 Nucleic Acid Compounds

In some embodiments, the compound is a nucleic acid compound. The nucleic acid compound may be any nucleic acid compound known in the art or described herein that is able to modulate the expression and/or activity of a human host cell factor described herein may. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound is an antisense compound. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound is an siRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound has a sequence optimized for use as an siRNA, according to methods known in the art. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid compound is a modified oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound comprises an oligonucleotide of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, for example, 12 to 15, 15 to 20, 20 to 25, or 25 to 30 linked nucleosides, which may be targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication. In some embodiments, the antisense or siRNA compound reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of an aforementioned human host cell factor, or a factor in one of the aforementioned categories.

In some embodiments, the compound targets a nucleotide sequence selected from Table 1 (see also Table 9). In certain embodiments, e.g., when targeting of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence is desired, the nucleobases represented by a “U” (uracil) in a sequence in Table 1 may be replaced with thymine nucleobases (represented by a “T”). In certain embodiments, e.g., when targeting a ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence is desired, the nucleobases represented by a “T” (thymine) in a sequence in Table 1 may be replaced with uracil nucleobases (represented by a “U”). For example, the nucleotide sequence “AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA” in Table 1 may be replaced with the nucleotide sequence “AAGUAGGGAUAAAUUACUCUA.”

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid compound targeting a sequence in Table 1 is an antisense compound. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound targeting a sequence in Table 1 is an siRNA. In certain embodiments, the siRNA that targets one of the aforementioned human host cell factors or sequences is obtained from a commercially available source. For example, the siRNA can be from Qiagen (Druggable Set version 1 or 2), NM Set version 1, XM Set version 1, the kinome library from Invitrogen or the kinome library from IDT.

In certain embodiments, an siRNA duplex is created from a 21mer sequence in Table 1 as exemplified in the following example:

The sequence 5′-GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA-3′ is modified to convert it into a ribonucleic acid (RNA) and to introduce overhangs (shown in lowercase letters) as follows:

5′---GCUUGAAUUUGAAGGUGUAtt-3′ 3′-ctCGAACUUAAACUUCCACAU---5′

The first two are the antisense overhang, the sense overhang is always TT. siRNA duplexes based on the sequences in Table 1 that contain Us are created the same way, except that the sequence is already and RNA; i.e., the sequence in Table 1 containing Us correspond to host cell mRNA targets.

In some embodiments, the siRNA compound comprises the sequence /5Phos/rGrGrCrUrArCrGrGrArCrCrArArGrUrUrUrArUrCrCrGrGCG. This sequence is the sense sequence for a 25mer siRNA duplex for use in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

See Sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 below for more details on generating, formulating, and using antisense compounds and siRNA.

5.1.1.1 Antisense Compounds

Antisense compounds for use in the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, oligomeric compounds, oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleotide mimetics, and antisense oligonucleotides. Antisense compounds may target a nucleic acid, meaning that the antisense compound is capable of undergoing hybridization to a target nucleic acid through hydrogen bonding.

In certain embodiments, an antisense compound has a nucleobase sequence that, when written in the 5′ to 3′ direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target segment of a target nucleic acid to which it is targeted. In certain embodiments an antisense oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence that, when written in the 5′ to 3′ direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target segment of a target nucleic acid to which it is targeted.

In certain embodiments an antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid is 12 to 30 subunits in length. In other words, antisense compounds are from 12 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound is 8 to 80, 12 to 50, 15 to 30, 18 to 24, 19 to 22, or 20 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 linked subunits in length, or a range defined by any two of the above values. In certain embodiments, the linked subunits are linked nucleobases, nucleosides, or nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide, and the linked subunits are nucleotides. Antisense compounds may also be shortened or lengthened, or have mismatches introduced, without eliminating their activity.

Antisense Compound Motifs

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid have chemically modified subunits arranged in patterns, or motifs, to confer to the antisense compounds properties such as enhanced inhibitory activity, increased binding affinity for a target nucleic acid, or resistance to degradation by in vivo nucleases.

Chimeric antisense compounds typically contain at least one region modified so as to confer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid, or increased inhibitory activity. A second region of a chimeric antisense compound may optionally serve as a substrate for the cellular endonuclease RNaseH, which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex.

Antisense compounds having a gapmer motif are considered chimeric antisense compounds. As used herein, the term “gapmer” means an antisense compound in which an internal position having a plurality of nucleotides that supports RNaseH cleavage is positioned between external regions having one or more nucleotides that are chemically distinct from the nucleosides of the internal region. A “gap segment” means the plurality of nucleotides that make up the internal region of a gapmer. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound as a “wingmer” motif, having a wing-gap or gap-wing configuration, i.e. an X-Y or Y-Z configuration as described above for the gapmer configuration. Thus, wingmer configurations for use herein include, but are not limited to, for example 5-10, 8-4, 4-12, 12-4, 3-14, 16-2, 18-1, 10-3, 2-10, 1-10 or 8-2. A “wing segment” means the external region of a gapmer. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid has a gap-widened motif. As used herein, the term “gap-widened” means an antisense compound has a gap segment of 12 or more contiguous 2′-deoxyribonucleotides positioned between and immediately adjacent to 5′ and 3′ wing segments having from one to six nucleotides having modified sugar moieties.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compound comprises one or more chemically modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the chemical modification comprises a 2′-sugar modification. In certain embodiments, the chemical modification comprises a 2′-MOE sugar modification.

Target Nucleic Acids, Target Regions and Nucleotide Sequences

It is understood that the sequences set forth herein are independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, antisense compounds defined by a sequence or target sequence may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.

In certain embodiments, a target region of a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication is a structurally defined region of the nucleic acid. For example, a target region may encompass a 3′ UTR, a 5′ UTR, an exon, an intron, a coding region, a translation initiation region, translation termination region, or other defined nucleic acid region. The structurally defined regions for a gene can be obtained by accession number from sequence databases such as NCBI and such information is incorporated herein by reference. In certain other embodiments, a target region may encompass the sequence from a 5′ target site of one target segment within the target region to a 3′ target site of another target segment within the target region.

Targeting includes determination of at least one target segment to which an antisense compound hybridizes, such that a desired effect occurs. In certain embodiments, the desired effect is a reduction in mRNA target nucleic acid levels. In certain other embodiments, the desired effect is reduction of levels of protein encoded by the target nucleic acid or a phenotypic change associated with the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the reduction is 70% or greater, 75% or greater, 80% or greater, 85% or greater, 90% or greater, 95% or greater, or 100% at a concentration of 100 nM in T-24 cells.

A target region may contain one or more target segments. Multiple target segments within a target region may be overlapping. Alternatively, they may be non-overlapping. In certain embodiments, target segments within a target region are separated by no more than about 300 nucleotides. In other embodiments, target segments within a target region are separated by no more than about, 250, 200, 150, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 nucleotides on the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, target segments within a target region are separated by no more than about 5 nucleotides on the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, target segments are contiguous.

Suitable target segments may be found within a 5′ UTR, a coding region, a 3′ UTR, an intron, or an exon. Target segments containing a start codon or a stop codon are also suitable target segments. A suitable target segment may specifically exclude a certain structurally defined region such as the start codon or stop codon.

The determination of suitable target segments may include a comparison of the sequence of a target nucleic acid to other sequences throughout the genome. For example, the BLAST algorithm may be used to identify regions of similarity amongst different nucleic acids. This comparison can prevent the selection of antisense compound sequences that may hybridize in a non-specific manner to sequences other than a selected target nucleic acid (i.e., non-target or off-target sequences).

There may be variation in activity (e.g., as defined by percent reduction of target nucleic acid levels) of the antisense compounds within an active target region. In certain embodiments, reductions in mRNA levels are indicative of inhibition of gene expression. Reductions in levels of a protein are also indicative of inhibition of target mRNA expression. Further, phenotypic changes are indicative of inhibition of gene expression. For example, phenotypic changes may include a reduction in influenza virus replication, infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, as described herein infra.

Hybridization

In certain embodiments, hybridization occurs between an antisense compound disclosed herein and a target nucleic acid. The most common mechanism of hybridization involves hydrogen bonding (e.g., Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding) between complementary nucleobases of the nucleic acid molecules. Hybridization can occur under varying conditions. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and are determined by the nature and composition of the nucleic acid molecules to be hybridized. Methods of determining whether a sequence is specifically hybridizable to a target nucleic acid are well known in the art. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein are specifically hybridizable with a target nucleic acid.

Complementarity

An antisense compound and a target nucleic acid are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of nucleobases of the antisense compound can hydrogen bond with the corresponding nucleobases of the target nucleic acid, such that a desired effect will occur (e.g., antisense inhibition of a target nucleic acid). Non-complementary nucleobases between an antisense compound and a target nucleic acid may be tolerated provided that the antisense compound remains able to specifically hybridize to a target nucleic acid. Moreover, an antisense compound may hybridize over one or more segments of a target nucleic acid such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure, mismatch or hairpin structure). In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein are at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% complementary to a target nucleic acid. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a target nucleic acid can be determined using routine methods, e.g., using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403 410; Zhang and Madden, Genome Res., 1997, 7, 649 656). Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., 1981, 2, 482 489).

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein are fully complementary (i.e., 100% complementary) to a target nucleic acid. For example, antisense compound may be fully complementary to a target nucleic acid, or a target region, or a target segment or target sequence thereof. As used herein, “fully complementary” means each nucleobase of an antisense compound is capable of precise base pairing with the corresponding nucleobases of a target nucleic acid.

The location of a non-complementary nucleobase may be at the 5′ end or 3′ end of the antisense compound. Alternatively, the non-complementary nucleobase or nucleobases may be at an internal position of the antisense compound. When two or more non-complementary nucleobases are present, they may be contiguous (i.e. linked) or non-contiguous. In certain embodiments, non-complementary nucleobase is located in the wing segment of a gapmer antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds up to 20 nucleobases in length comprise no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2 or no more than 1 non-complementary nucleobase(s) relative to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds up to 30 nucleobases in length comprise no more than 6, no more than 5, no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2 or no more than 1 non-complementary nucleobase(s) relative to a target nucleic acid.

The antisense compounds provided herein also include those which are complementary to a portion of a target nucleic acid. As used herein, “portion” refers to a defined number of contiguous (i.e. linked) nucleobases within a region or segment of a target nucleic acid. A “portion” can also refer to a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of an antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 12 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 15 nucleobase portion of a target segment. Also contemplated are antisense compounds that are complementary to at least a 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more nucleobase portion of a target segment, or a range defined by any two of these values.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein include those comprising a portion which consists of at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 contiguous nucleobases of the nucleobase sequence set forth in Table 1 supra or elsewhere herein, or incorporated by reference herein. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to an equal-length portion of the nucleobase sequence. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% (fully) complementary to the nucleobase sequence.

Identity

The antisense compounds provided herein may also have a defined percent identity to a particular nucleotide sequence. As used herein, an antisense compound is identical to the sequence disclosed herein if it has the same nucleobase pairing ability. For example, a RNA which contains uracil in place of thymidine in a disclosed DNA sequence would be considered identical to the DNA sequence since both uracil and thymidine pair with adenine. Shortened and lengthened versions of the antisense compounds described herein as well as compounds having non-identical bases relative to the antisense compounds provided herein also are contemplated. The non-identical bases may be adjacent to each other or dispersed throughout the antisense compound. Percent identity of an antisense compound is calculated according to the number of bases that have identical base pairing relative to the sequence to which it is being compared.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to one or more of the antisense compounds or sequences thereof, or a portion thereof, disclosed herein.

Modifications

A nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The nucleobase (also known as base) portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base moiety. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. Oligonucleotides are formed through the covalent linkage of adjacent nucleosides to one another, to form a linear polymeric oligonucleotide. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside linkages of the oligonucleotide.

Modifications to antisense compounds encompass substitutions or changes to internucleoside linkages, sugar moieties, or nucleobases. Modified antisense compounds are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target, increased stability in the presence of nucleases, or increased inhibitory activity.

Chemically modified nucleosides may also be employed to increase the binding affinity of a shortened or truncated antisense oligonucleotide for its target nucleic acid. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter antisense compounds that have such chemically modified nucleosides.

Modified Internucleoside Linkages

The naturally occurring internucleoside linkage of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage. Antisense compounds having one or more modified, i.e. non-naturally occurring, internucleoside linkages are often selected over antisense compounds having naturally occurring internucleoside linkages because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for target nucleic acids, and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

Oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkages include internucleoside linkages that retain a phosphorus atom as well as internucleoside linkages that do not have a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus containing internucleoside linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters, phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing linkages are well known.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid comprise one or more modified internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the modified internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of an antisense compound is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Modified Sugar Moieties

Antisense compounds for use herein can optionally contain one or more nucleotides having modified sugar moieties. Sugar modifications may impart nuclease stability, binding affinity or some other beneficial biological property to the antisense compounds. The furanosyl sugar ring of a nucleoside can be modified in a number of ways including, but not limited to: addition of a substituent group, particularly at the 2′ position; bridging of two non-geminal ring atoms to form a bicyclic nucleic acid (BNA); and substitution of an atom or group such as —S—, —N(R)— or —C(R₁)(R₂) for the ring oxygen at the 4′-position. Modified sugars include, but are not limited to: substituted sugars, especially 2′-substituted sugars having a 2′-F, 2′-OCH₂ (2′-OMe) or a 2′-O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃ (2′-O-methoxyethyl or 2′-MOE) substituent group; and bicyclic modified sugars (BNAs), having a 4′-(CH₂)_(n)—O-2′ bridge, where n=1 or n=22, including α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA and Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2-O-2′) BNA. Bicyclic modified sugars also include (6′S)-6′ methyl BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2-O—N(R)-2′) BNA, Oxyamino (4′-CH2-N(R)—O-2′) BNA wherein, R is, independently, H, a protecting group, or C1-C12 alkyl. The substituent at the 2′ position can also be selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, OCF3, O(CH2)2SCH3, O(CH2)2-O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2-C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. Methods for the preparations of modified sugars are well known to those skilled in the art.

In nucleotides having modified sugar moieties, the nucleobase moieties (natural, modified or a combination thereof) are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid comprise one or more nucleotides having modified sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, the modified sugar moiety is 2′-MOE. In certain embodiments, the 2′-MOE modified nucleotides are arranged in a gapmer motif.

Modified Nucleobases

Nucleobase (or base) modifications or substitutions are structurally distinguishable from, yet functionally interchangeable with, naturally occurring or synthetic unmodified nucleobases. Both natural and modified nucleobases are capable of participating in hydrogen bonding. Such nucleobase modifications may impart nuclease stability, binding affinity or some other beneficial biological property to antisense compounds. Modified nucleobases include synthetic and natural nucleobases such as, for example, 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C). Certain nucleobase substitutions, including 5-methylcytosine substitutions, are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of an antisense compound for a target nucleic acid. For example, 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278).

Additional unmodified nucleobases include 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH₃) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine.

Heterocyclic base moieties may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Nucleobases that are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of antisense compounds include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2 aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid comprise one or more modified nucleobases. In certain embodiments, gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides targeted to a nucleic acid comprise one or more modified nucleobases. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleobase is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, each cytosine is a 5-methylcytosine.

Conjugated Antisense Compounds

Antisense compounds may be covalently linked to one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the resulting antisense oligonucleotides. Typical conjugate groups include cholesterol moieties and lipid moieties. Additional conjugate groups include carbohydrates, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes.

Antisense compounds can also be modified to have one or more stabilizing groups that are generally attached to one or both termini of antisense compounds to enhance properties such as, for example, nuclease stability. Included in stabilizing groups are cap structures. These terminal modifications protect the antisense compound having terminal nucleic acid from exonuclease degradation, and can help in delivery or localization within a cell. The cap can be present at the 5′-terminus (5′-cap), or at the 3′-terminus (3′-cap), or can be present on both termini. Cap structures are well known in the art and include, for example, inverted deoxy abasic caps. Further 3′ and 5′-stabilizing groups that can be used to cap one or both ends of an antisense compound to impart nuclease stability include those disclosed in WO 03/004602 published on Jan. 16, 2003.

5.1.1.2 siRNA

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid compound for use in the embodiments described herein is an siRNA compound. During recent years, RNAi has emerged as one of the most efficient methods for inactivation of genes (Nature Reviews, 2002, v. 3, p. 737-47; Nature, 2002, v. 418, p. 244-51). As a method, it is based on the ability of dsRNA species to enter a specific protein complex, where it is then targeted to the complementary cellular RNA and specifically degrades it. In more detail, dsRNAs are digested into short (17-29 bp) interfering (also referred to as “inhibitor”) RNAs (siRNAs) by type III RNAses (DICER, Drosha, etc) (Nature, 2001, v. 409, p. 363-6; Nature, 2003, 425, p. 415-9). These fragments and complementary mRNA are recognized by the specific RISC protein complex. The whole process is culminated by endonuclease cleavage of target mRNA (Nature Reviews, 2002, v. 3, p. 737-47; Curr Opin Mol. Ther. 2003 June; 5(3):217-24). See also, e.g. Fire A et al., Nature 391: p 806-811 (1998), Elbashir S. M. et al., Genes Dev. 15: p 188-200 (2001), and Sharp P. A. Genes Dev. 15: p 485-490 (2001).

In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is an siRNA compound. As used herein, siRNAs are double stranded nucleic acid molecules that when introduced into a cell, trigger RNA interference (RNAi). Nonlimiting examples of targets for siRNA molecules which may be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein are provided in Table 1 infra. In some embodiments, the siRNA is long enough to induce RNAi but small enough to avoid inducing an immune response. In certain embodiments, the siRNA compound may be generated, analyzed, and modified in accordance with the provisions of Section 5.1.1.

Provided herein are nucleic acids and nucleotide sequences that can be used for preparation of a double stranded nucleic acid molecule that reduces or inhibits expression of a human host cell factor described herein. The double stranded nucleic acid is designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid. With knowledge of the target gene sequence, an appropriate siRNA can be designed and synthesized using techniques known in the art and described herein. See, e.g., Kazunori Taira, et al.: RNAi Jikken Protocol, Yodosha (2003); Elbashir S. M. et al.: Genes Dev. 15: p 188-200 (2001); Bernstein E., Denli A M., Hannon G J: The rest is silence. RNA. 2001 November; 7(11):1509-21; and Nishikura K.: A short primer on RNAi: RNA-directed RNA polymerase acts as a key catalyst. Cell. 2001 Nov. 16; 107(4):415-8. For example, a region downstream of an initiation codon may be selected, in which the sequence AA (N₁₉₋₂₉) TT or AA (N₂₁₋₃₁) is searched for, and the GC content of this sequence is calculated. A GC content of 50% is ideal; however, a sequence having a GC content of anywhere from at least 30% to 70% may be selected. The sequence selected using these criteria is then checked to determine if it is specific for the target gene by a BLAST (e.g. EST database of NCBI) search. Then, to evaluate whether or not the interference effect is exhibited, a double stranded nucleic acid with the chosen sequence is introduced or expressed within the cell, and the amount of target mRNA is measured (e.g. Northern blot or RT-PCR methods) or the amount of target protein is measured (e.g. Western blot or fluorescent antibody method), or using an assay for the target's activity known to persons skilled in the art.

In some embodiments, the double stranded nucleic acid comprises an antisense strand and a sense strand thereof. The antisense strand comprises an antisense sequence of 18 to 29, preferably 19 to 25 nucleotides, which is completely complementary to a partial sequence of the oligonucleotide, and further, comprises 1 to 4 bases at the 3′-end that protrude when annealed with the sense strand (overhang). The sense strand ordinarily comprises a completely complementary sequence to the antisense strand and comprises 1 to 4 bases protruding at the 3′ end (overhang). To the extent that the antisense strand and the sense strand form a double strand, one or more mutations or substitutions may be present in the sense strand. The nucleic acid of the sense strand and the antisense strand may be RNA, DNA, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the antisense strand sequence is RNA. In some embodiments, both the sense strand and the antisense strand are RNA. The overhang portion may be formed with deoxyribonucleotides G, A, T, and C and/or ribonucleotides G, A, U, and C, but a deoxyribonucleotide T and a ribonucleotide U are preferable. The number of overhang nucleotides is preferably 2 or 3, with 2 being preferable in some embodiments. Suitable examples include UU (RNA) and TT (DNA).

Methods for preparing the double stranded nucleic acid compounds for use as siRNA are known in the art and include, e.g., chemical synthesis, methods of in vitro synthesis, and methods of effecting expression within a cell using an expression vector (see, e.g. Takashi Morita, et al: Tanpakushitu Kakusan Kouso (Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Enzymes) Vol. 47 No. 14 p 1939-1945 (2002); Asako Sugimoto, Kagaku to Seibutsu (Chemistry and Biology) Vol. 40 No. 11: p 713-718 (2002); Makoto Miyagishi, et al.: Jikken Igaku (Experimental Medicine) Vol. 20 No. 18 p 2667-2672 (2002); Kazunori Taira, et al.: RNAi Jikken Protocol, Yodosha (2003)).

In chemical synthesis, double stranded nucleic acid is prepared by annealing an artificially synthesized sense strand and antisense strand. The resultant double stranded nucleic acid can be introduced into a cell using any suitable reagent known in the art, such as FuGENE6 (Roche) or Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). In in vitro synthesis, a double stranded siRNA is expressed by association with, e.g., a T7 promoter and T7 RNA polymerase. An oligonucleotide comprising a sequence corresponding to 19-29 bases of the target gene is ligated downstream of the binding site of T7 RNA polymerase, and sense RNA and antisense strand RNA are synthesized by in vitro transcription, and they are annealed in vitro. The prepared siRNA can be introduced into a cell by, e.g., lipofection methods using FuGENE6 (Roche). Intracellular expression of siRNA can be effected using an siRNA expression vector. For example, a sense strand and an antisense strand may be simultaneously expressed from both ends by two kinds of promoters, from separate transcription units, or be expressing siRNA precursors which adopt a hairpin structure. As an expression vector, for example, pSilencer siRNA Expression Vector (Ambion Inc.) can be used.

For further information on how to design and prepare siRNA to known genes, see, for example, Chalk A M, Wahlestedt C, Sonnhammer E L. Improved and automated prediction of effective siRNA Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004 Jun. 18; 319(1):264-74; Sioud M, Leirdal M., Potential design rules and enzymatic synthesis of siRNAs, Methods Mol. Biol. 2004; 252:457-69; Levenkova N, Gu Q, Rux J J.: Gene specific siRNA selector Bioinformatics. 2004 Feb. 12; 20(3):430-2. and Ui-Tei K, Naito Y, Takahashi F, Haraguchi T, Ohki-Hamazaki H, Juni A, Ueda R, Saigo K., Guidelines for the selection of highly effective siRNA sequences for mammalian and chick RNA interference Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Feb. 9; 32(3):936-48. See also Liu Y, Braasch D A, Nulf C J, Corey D R. Efficient and isoform-selective inhibition of cellular gene expression by peptide nucleic acids Biochemistry, 2004 Feb. 24; 43(7):1921-7. See also PCT publications WO 2004/015107 (Atugen) and WO 02/44321 (Tuschl et al), and also Chiu Y L, Rana T M. siRNA function in RNAi: a chemical modification analysis, RNA 2003 September; 9(9):1034-48 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,898,031 and 6,107,094 (Crooke) for production of modified/more stable siRNAs.

DNA-based vectors capable of generating siRNA within cells have also been developed and may be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein. The method generally involves transcription of short hairpin RNAs that are efficiently processed to form siRNAs within cells. Paddison et al. PNAS 2002, 99:1443-1448; Paddison et al. Genes & Dev 2002, 16:948-958; Sui et al. PNAS 2002, 8:5515-5520; and Brummelkamp et al. Science 2002, 296:550-553. These reports describe methods to generate siRNAs capable of specifically targeting host genes.

For methods on the delivery of siRNAs, see, for example, Shen et al (FEBS letters 539: 111-114 (2003)), Xia et al., Nature Biotechnology 20: 1006-1010 (2002), Reich et al., Molecular Vision 9: 210-216 (2003), Sorensen et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 327: 761-766 (2003), Lewis et al., Nature Genetics 32: 107-108 (2002) and Simeoni et al., Nucleic Acids Research 31, 11: 2717-2724 (2003). siRNA has recently been successfully used for inhibition in primates; for further details see Tolentino et al., Retina 24 (1) February 2004 pp 132-138.

See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,486,603, 5,859,221, 5,898,031, 5,976,567, 6,107,094, 6,153,737, 6,476,205, 6,506,559, 6,815,432, 6,858,225, 7,056,704, 7,078,196, 7,432,250, and 7,626,015, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20090306356, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20090306194, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and the disclosures of which may be adapted to design, generate, administer and deliver siRNAs and compositions comprising them in accordance with the present embodiments.

5.1.2 Small Molecule Compounds

In some embodiments, the compound is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the small molecule is Betulinic acid (available from VWR International/Enzo Life Sciences Intl.); CCT018159 (4-(4-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-6-ethylresorcinol; available from Calbiochem); Diphyllin (available from Sigma; see FIG. 13 a); the FGF/VEGF receptor inhibitor 4-Hydroxy-3-benzimidazol-2-ylhydroquinolin-2-one; Hymenialdisine (available from Biomol International LP); KN-93 (available from Calbiochem); Podophyllotoxin (Podophyllinic Acid Lactone; available from MP Biomedicals); or Sirolimus (Rapamycin; available from LC Laboratories).

In some embodiments, the compound is not CCT018159. In some embodiments, the compound is not Diphyllin.

5.1.3 Additional Compounds

In addition to the compounds provided above, any compound or library of compounds from any source can be tested for modulation, reduction or inhibition of influenza virus replication, or for use as antiviral agents, by targeting one or more of the classes of human host cell proteins or specific human host cell proteins described herein. Such compounds include, but are not limited to, proteins, polypeptides, peptides, nucleic acids, including dominant negative mutants, ribozyme or triple helix molecules, antibodies (including antibodies for intracellular use, referred to herein as intrabodies), small organic molecules, or inorganic molecules.

In a specific embodiment, an antibody is used, for example, an intrabody. Antibodies used include immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that specifically binds to one or more of the classes of human host cell proteins or specific human host cell proteins described herein. Antibodies include, but are not limited to, monoclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, human antibodies, humanized antibodies, synthetic antibodies, chimeric antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, single domain antibodies, camelized antibodies, single-chain Fvs (scFv), single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked bispecific Fvs (sdFv), intrabodies, and anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g., anti-Id and anti-anti-Id antibodies to antibodies), and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above. In particular, antibodies include immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active fragments of immunoglobulin molecules. Immunoglobulin molecules can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g., IgG₁, IgG₂, IgG₃, IgG₄, IgA₁ and IgA₂) or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antibodies used are commercially or publicly available. In other embodiments, the antibodies described in this section can produced by any method well known in the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,715, 6,331,415, and 6,818,216; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2002/0098189, US 2004/0028685, US 2005/0019330, and US 2007/0086943; International Publication No. WO 02/46237; and Harlow et al., Antibodies. A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988); Hammerling, et al., in: Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas 563-681 (Elsevier, N.Y., 1981) (said references are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties).

In other embodiments, small molecular weight compounds are used. In preferred embodiments, the compound is in a form so that it can be delivered into a human host cell, preferably, in vivo.

In some embodiments, the compounds are known inhibitors of the host cell proteins described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds are identified by screening for their ability to inhibit the classes of host cell proteins described herein, and are then tested for their ability to inhibit or reduce influenza virus replication.

5.2 Biological Assays

5.2.1 Testing of Nucleic Acid Compounds

5.2.1.1 In Vitro Testing of Nucleic Acid Compounds

The methods of treating cells with antisense compounds described herein may be modified appropriately for treatment with other nucleic acid compounds, such as siRNAs. With respect to siRNAs, see also Section 5.1.1.2 above and the references cited therein.

Cell Culture and Antisense Compounds Treatment

The effects of antisense compounds on the level, activity or expression of nucleic acids can be tested in vitro in a variety of cell types. Cell types used for such analyses are available from commercial vendors (e.g. American Type Culture Collection, Manassus, Va.; Zen-Bio, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) and cells are cultured according to the vendor's instructions using commercially available reagents (e.g. Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Illustrative cell types include, but are not limited to, Hep3B cells and primary hepatocytes.

In general, cells are treated with antisense oligonucleotides when the cells reach approximately 60-80% confluency in culture.

One reagent commonly used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes the cationic lipid transfection reagent LIPOFECTIN® (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Antisense oligonucleotides are mixed with LIPOFECTIN® in OPTI-MEM® 1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired final concentration of antisense oligonucleotide and a LIPOFECTIN® concentration that typically ranges 2 to 12 ug/mL per 100 nM antisense oligonucleotide. Another reagent used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes LIPOFECTAMINE® (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Antisense oligonucleotide is mixed with LIPOFECTAMINE® in OPTI-MEM® 1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired concentration of antisense oligonucleotide and a LIPOFECTAMINE® concentration that typically ranges 2 to 12 μg/μL per 100 nM antisense oligonucleotide.

Cells are treated with antisense oligonucleotides by routine methods. Cells are typically harvested 16-24 hours after antisense oligonucleotide treatment, at which time RNA or protein levels of target nucleic acids are measured by methods known in the art and described herein. In general, when treatments are performed in multiple replicates, the data are presented as the average of the replicate treatments.

The concentration of antisense oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. Methods to determine the optimal antisense oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line are well known in the art. Antisense oligonucleotides are typically used at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 500 nM.

RNA Isolation

RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. RNA is prepared using methods well known in the art, for example, using the TRIZOL® Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's recommended protocols.

Analysis of Inhibition of Target Levels or Expression

Inhibition of levels or expression of a nucleic acid can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, target nucleic acid levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or quantitative real-time PCR. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. Northern blot analysis is also routine in the art. Quantitative real-time PCR can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM® 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.

Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Target RNA Levels

Quantitation of target RNA levels may be accomplished by quantitative real-time PCR using the ABI PRISM® 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. Methods of quantitative real-time PCR are well known in the art.

Prior to real-time PCR, the isolated RNA is subjected to a reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction, which produces complementary DNA (cDNA) that is then used as the substrate for the real-time PCR amplification. The RT and real-time PCR reactions are performed sequentially in the same sample well. RT and real-time PCR reagents are obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). RT, real-time-PCR reactions are carried out by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

Gene (or RNA) target quantities obtained by real time PCR are normalized using either the expression level of a gene whose expression is constant, such as cyclophilin A, or by quantifying total RNA using RIBOGREEN® (Invitrogen, Inc. Carlsbad, Calif.). Cyclophilin A expression is quantified by real time PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RIBOGREEN® RNA quantification reagent (Invitrogen, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). Methods of RNA quantification by RIBOGREEN® are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, (Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374). A CYTOFLUOR® 4000 instrument (PE Applied Biosystems) is used to measure RIBOGREEN® fluorescence.

Probes and primers are designed to hybridize to a nucleic acid. Methods for designing real-time PCR probes and primers are well known in the art, and may include the use of software such as PRIMER EXPRESS® Software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.).

Analysis of Protein Levels

Antisense inhibition of nucleic acids can be assessed by measuring protein levels. Protein levels can be evaluated or quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative protein assays, protein activity assays (for example, histone deacetylase activity), immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to a target can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional monoclonal or polyclonal antibody generation methods well known in the art.

In certain embodiments, administration of an antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a human host cell factor results in reduction of expression (e.g., mRNA or protein levels) of the human host cell factor by at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%, or a range defined by any two of these values.

5.2.1.2 In Vivo Testing of Nucleic Acid Compounds

Antisense compounds are tested in animals to assess their ability to inhibit expression of the target and produce the desired effect, such as reduction in influenza virus replication, reduction in influenza virus infection, and/or prevention or reduction of symptoms or disease associated with influenza virus infection, measurable by the methods provided herein. The methods described herein for testing antisense compounds may be adapted for testing other nucleic acid compounds, such as siRNAs. With respect to siRNAs, see also Section 5.1.1.2 above and the references cited therein.

Testing may be performed in normal animals, or in experimental influenza disease models known in the art and described below. For administration to animals, antisense oligonucleotides are formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, such as phosphate-buffered saline. Administration include any suitable route of administration, such as parenteral, intraperitoneal, intravenous, pulmonary, intranasally, topically, and subcutaneous. Following a period of treatment with antisense oligonucleotides, RNA is isolated from a relevant tissue (e.g., lung tissue or other epithelial tissue) and changes in target nucleic acid expression are measured.

5.2.2 Cellular Assays for Assessing the Effect of a Compound on Viral Replication

The effect of a compound on virus replication can be assessed by any assay known in the art. Such assays may involve: (a) contacting a compound or a member of a library of compounds with a cell before (e.g., 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours or more before), concurrently and/or subsequent to (e.g., 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours or more after) infection with an influenza virus; and (b) measuring virus replication. The cells can be infected at different MOIs and the effect of a compound on virus replication can be assessed. For example, the MOIs may be 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5. The effect of different concentrations of a compound on virus replication can also be assessed. The cells or other substrate that contains cells (e.g., embryonated eggs) used in the assay should be susceptible to infection by the influenza virus. The cells may be primary cells or established cell lines. For example, the following cells may be used in the assay for influenza virus replication: chicken cells (e.g., primary chick embryo cells or chick kidney cells), Vero cells, MDCK cells, human respiratory epithelial cells (e.g., A549 cells), calf kidney cells, and mink lung cells. In one embodiment, the cells used to assess the effect of a compound on virus replication are selected from the following cells or cell lines: MEF, 293T, Huh 7.5, Detroit, and human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE; primary lung cells) cells. In one embodiment, the cell or cell line is biologically relevant to virus infection.

Influenza virus replication can be measured at different times post-infection. For example, virus replication may be measured 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours or 72 hours post-infection. Any method known to one of skill in the art can be used measure virus replication. For example, viral replication may be assessed by measuring viral titer (as determined, e.g., by plaque formation), the production of viral proteins (as determined, e.g., by western blot analysis, ELISA or flow cytometry), or the production of viral nucleic acids (as determined, e.g., by RT-PCR or Northern blot analysis) using techniques known to one of skill in the art. See Sections 5.3.1.1-5.3.1.6 below for more details of techniques for measuring viral replication.

In the assays described above, a compound is considered to inhibit (or reduce) influenza virus replication if the replication of the virus is decreased in the cell contacted with the compound relative to the replication of the virus in a cell contacted with a negative control (e.g., PBS or saline).

In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the virus replication by at least 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 6 fold, 7 fold, 8 fold, 9 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 35 fold, 40 fold, 45 fold, 50 fold, 100 fold, 500 fold, or 1000 fold relative to virus replication in the absence of compound or the presence of a negative control. In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the virus replication by 1.5 to 3 fold, 2 to 4 fold, 3 to 5 fold, 4 to 8 fold, 6 to 9 fold, 8 to 10 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 20 fold, 10 to 40 fold, 10 to 50 fold, 25 to 50 fold, 50 to 100 fold, 75 to 100 fold, 100 to 500 fold, 500 to 1000 fold, or 10 to 1000 fold. In some embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the virus replication by approximately 2 logs or more, approximately 3 logs or more, approximately 4 logs or more, approximately 5 logs or more, or 2 to 10 logs or 2 to 5 logs relative to virus replication in the absence of compound or the presence of a negative control.

In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the replication of a viral genome by about at least 1.5 fold, 2, fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 6 fold, 7 fold, 8 fold, 9 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 35 fold, 40 fold, 45 fold, 50 fold, 75 fold, 100 fold, 500 fold, or 1000 fold relative to replication of the viral genome in the absence of a compound or relative to a negative control in an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the replication of a viral genome by about 1.5 to 3 fold, 2 to 4 fold, 3 to 5 fold, 4 to 8 fold, 6 to 9 fold, 8 to 10 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 20 fold, 10 to 40 fold, 10 to 50 fold, 25 to 50 fold, 50 to 100 fold, 75 to 100 fold, 100 to 500 fold, 500 to 1000 fold, or 10 to 1000 fold relative to replication of the viral genome in the absence of a compound or relative to a negative control in an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the replication of a viral genome by at least 1 log, 1.5 logs, 2 logs, 2.5 logs, 3 logs, 3.5 logs, 4 logs, 4.5 logs, 5 logs or more relative to replication of the viral genome in the absence of a compound or relative to a negative control in an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the synthesis of viral proteins by at least 1.5 fold, 2, fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 6 fold, 7 fold, 8 fold, 9 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 35 fold, 40 fold, 45 fold, 50 fold, 75 fold, 100 fold, 500 fold, or 1000 fold relative to the synthesis of viral proteins in the absence of a compound or relative to a negative control in an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art in an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the synthesis of viral proteins at least 1.5 to 3 fold, 2 to 4 fold, 3 to 5 fold, 4 to 8 fold, 6 to 9 fold, 8 to 10 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 20 fold, 10 to 40 fold, 10 to 50 fold, 25 to 50 fold, 50 to 100 fold, 75 to 100 fold, 100 to 500 fold, 500 to 1000 fold, or 10 to 1000 fold relative to the synthesis of viral proteins in the absence of a compound or relative to a negative control in an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces the synthesis of viral proteins approximately 1 log, 1.5 logs, 2 logs, 2.5 logs, 3 logs, 3.5 logs, 4 logs, 4.5 logs, 5 logs relative to the synthesis of viral proteins in the absence of a compound or relative to a negative control in an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it results in 1.5 fold or more, 2 fold or more, 3 fold or more, 4 fold or more, 5 fold or more, 6 fold or more, 7 fold or more, 8 fold or more, 9 fold or more, 10 fold or more, 15 fold or more, 20 fold or more, 25 fold or more, 30 fold or more, 35 fold or more, 40 fold or more, 45 fold or more, 50 fold or more, 60 fold or more, 70 fold or more, 80 fold or more, 90 fold or more, or 100 fold or more reduction of viral yield per round of viral replication. In certain embodiments, a compound results in about a 2 fold or more reduction of viral yield per round of viral replication. In a specific embodiment, a compound results in about a 10 fold or more reduction of viral yield per round of viral replication.

In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces viral replication by at least 2 wells of hemagglutinin (HA) in a hemagglutination assay (see Section 5.2.1.7 below), which equals approximately a 75% reduction in viral titer.

In certain embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces viral titer by 50% or more, by 55% or more, by 60% or more, by 65% or more, by 70% or more, by 75% or more, by 80% or more, by 85% or more, by 90% or more, or by 95% or more.

Standard assays for influenza virus replication have been described, See, e.g., Sidwell et al., Antiviral Research, 2000, 48:1-16.

In some embodiments, the effect of a compound on the replication of an influenza A virus is determined. In some embodiments, the effect of a compound on the replication of an influenza B virus is determined. In some embodiments, the effect of a compound on the replication of an influenza C virus is determined. In some embodiments, the effect of a compound on the replication of a currently circulating influenza virus is determined. In some embodiments, the effect of a compound on replication of H1N1 influenza virus is determined. In some embodiments, the effect of a compound on replication of H5N1 influenza virus is determined. In some embodiments, the effect of a compound on replication of an attenuated influenza virus is determined. In some embodiments, the effect of a compound on the replication of a naturally occurring strain, variant or mutant of an influenza virus, a mutagenized influenza virus, a reassortant influenza virus and/or a genetically engineered influenza virus can be assessed. In a specific embodiment, the effect of a compound on the replication of a vaccine strain of an influenza virus is determined.

5.2.2.1 Viral Titer Assay

In this non-limiting example, a monolayer of the target mammalian cell line is infected with different amounts (e.g., multiplicity of 3 plaque forming units (pfu) or 5 pfu) of influenza virus and subsequently cultured in the presence or absence of various dilutions of compounds (e.g., 0.1 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, or 10 μg/ml). Infected cultures are harvested 48 hours or 72 hours post infection and titered by standard plaque assays known in the art on the appropriate target cell line (e.g., Vero cells).

5.2.2.2 Flow Cytometry Assay

Flow cytometry can be utilized to detect expression of virus antigens in infected target cells cultured in the presence or absence of compounds (See, e.g., McSharry et al., Clinical Microbiology Rev., 1994, 7:576-604). Non-limiting examples of viral antigens that can be detected on cell surfaces by flow cytometry include, but are not limited to HA of influenza. In other embodiments, intracellular viral antigens or viral nucleic acid can be detected by flow cytometry with techniques known in the art.

5.2.23 Viral Cytopathic Effect (CPE) Assay

CPE is the morphological changes that cultured cells undergo upon being infected by most viruses. These morphological changes can be observed easily in unfixed, unstained cells by microscopy. Forms of CPE, which can vary depending on the virus, include, but are not limited to, rounding of the cells, appearance of inclusion bodies in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of infected cells, and formation of syncytia, or polykaryocytes (large cytoplasmic masses that contain many nuclei).

The CPE assay can provide a measure of the effect of a compound on virus replication. In a non-limiting example of such an assay, compounds are serially diluted (e.g. 1000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 1 μg/ml) and added to 3 wells containing a cell monolayer (preferably mammalian cells at 80-100% confluent) of a 96-well plate. Within 5 minutes, viruses are added and the plate sealed, incubated at 37° C. for the standard time period required to induce near-maximal viral CPE (e.g., approximately 48 to 120 hours, depending on the virus and multiplicity of infection). When assaying a compound for its potential activity, CPE is read microscopically after a known positive control drug (an antiviral) is evaluated in parallel with compounds in each test. A non-limiting example of a positive control is ribavirin for influenza. The data is expressed as 50% effective concentrations or approximated virus-inhibitory concentration, 50% endpoint (EC50) and cell-inhibitory concentration, 50% endpoint (IC50). General selectivity index (“SI”) is calculated as the IC50 divided by the EC50. These values can be calculated using any method known in the art, e.g., the computer software program MacSynergy II by M. N. Prichard, K. R. Asaltine, and C. Shipman, Jr., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

In one embodiment, a compound has an SI of greater than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 39, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1,000, or 10,000. In some embodiments, a compound has an SI of greater than 10. In a specific embodiment, compounds with an SI of greater than 10 are further assessed in other in vitro and in vivo assays described herein or others known in the art to characterize safety and efficacy.

5.2.2.4 Neutral Red (NR) Dye Uptake Assay

The NR Dye Uptake assay can be used to validate the CPE inhibition assay (See Section 5.3.1.3). In a non-limiting example of such an assay, the same 96-well microplates used for the CPE inhibition assay can be used. Neutral red is added to the medium, and cells not damaged by virus take up a greater amount of dye. The percentage of uptake indicating viable cells is read on a microplate autoreader at dual wavelengths of 405 and 540 nm, with the difference taken to eliminate background. (See McManus et al., Appl. Environment. Microbiol. 31:35-38, 1976). An EC₅₀ is determined for samples with infected cells and contacted with compounds, and an IC₅₀ is determined for samples with uninfected cells contacted with compounds.

5.2.2.5 Virus Yield Assay

Lysed cells and supernatants from infected cultures such as those in the CPE inhibition assay (See Section 5.3.1.3) can be used to assay for virus yield (production of viral particles after the primary infection). In a non-limiting example, these supernatants are serially diluted and added onto monolayers of susceptible cells (e.g., Vero cells). Development of CPE in these cells is an indication of the presence of infectious viruses in the supernatant.

5.2.2.6 Plaque Assay

In a non-limiting example of a plaque assay, the virus is diluted into various concentrations and added to each well containing a monolayer of the target cells in triplicate. The plates are then incubated for a period of time to achieve effective infection of the control sample (e.g., 1 hour with shaking every fifteen minutes). After the incubation period, an equal amount of 1% agarose is added to an equal volume of each compound dilution prepared in 2× concentration. In certain embodiments, final compound concentrations between 0.03 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml can be tested with a final agarose overlay concentration of 0.5%. The drug agarose mixture is applied to each well in 2 ml volume and the plates are incubated for three days, after which the cells are stained with a 1.5% solution of neutral red. At the end of the 4-6 hour incubation period, the neutral red solution is aspirated, and plaques counted using a stereomicroscope. Alternatively, a final agarose concentration of 0.4% can be used. In other embodiments, the plates are incubated for more than three days with additional overlays being applied on day four and on day 8 when appropriate. In another embodiment, the overlay medium is liquid rather than semi-solid.

5.2.2.7 Hemagglutination Assays

In a non-limiting example of a hemagglutination assay, cells are contacted with a compound and are concurrently or subsequently infected with the virus (e.g., at an MOI of 1) and the virus is incubated under conditions to permit virus replication (e.g., 20-24 hours). The compounds are preferably present throughout the course of infection. Viral replication and release of viral particles is then determined by hem-agglutination assays using 0.5% chicken red blood cells. In some embodiments, a compound is considered to reduce or inhibit viral replication if it reduces viral replication by at least 2 wells of HA, which equals approximately a 75% reduction in viral titer. In specific embodiments, a compound reduces viral titer in this assay by 50% or more, by 55% or more, by 60% or more, by 65% or more, by 70% or more, by 75% or more, by 80% or more, by 85% or more, by 90% or more, or by 95% or more.

5.2.3 Cytotoxicity Assays

In some embodiments, compounds differentially affect the viability of uninfected cells and cells infected with virus. The differential effect of a compound on the viability of virally infected and uninfected cells may be assessed using techniques known to one of skill in the art or described herein. In certain embodiments, compounds are more toxic to cells infected with a virus than uninfected cells. In specific embodiments, compounds preferentially affect the viability of cells infected with a virus. In preferred embodiments, the compounds are not so cytotoxic that they are unsafe for administration to an animal or human subject.

Many assays well-known in the art can be used to assess viability of cells (infected or uninfected) or cell lines following exposure to a compound and, thus, determine the cytotoxicity of the compound. For example, cell proliferation can be assayed by measuring Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation (See, e.g., Hoshino et al., 1986, Int. J. Cancer 38, 369; Campana et al., 1988, J. Immunol. Meth. 107:79), (3H) thymidine incorporation (See, e.g., Chen, J., 1996, Oncogene 13:1395-403; Jeoung, J., 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270:18367 73), by direct cell count, or by detecting changes in transcription, translation or activity of known genes such as proto-oncogenes (e.g., fos, myc) or cell cycle markers (Rb, cdc2, cyclin A, D1, D2, D3, E, etc). The levels of such protein and mRNA and activity can be determined by any method well known in the art. For example, protein can be quantitated by known immunodiagnostic methods such as ELISA, Western blotting or immunoprecipitation using antibodies, including commercially available antibodies. mRNA can be quantitated using methods that are well known and routine in the art, for example, using northern analysis, RNase protection, or polymerase chain reaction in connection with reverse transcription. Cell viability can be assessed by using trypan-blue staining or other cell death or viability markers known in the art. In a specific embodiment, the level of cellular ATP is measured to determined cell viability.

In specific embodiments, cell viability is measured in three-day and seven-day periods using an assay standard in the art, such as the CellTiter-Glo Assay Kit (Promega) which measures levels of intracellular ATP. A reduction in cellular ATP is indicative of a cytotoxic effect. In another specific embodiment, cell viability can be measured in the neutral red uptake assay. In other embodiments, visual observation for morphological changes may include enlargement, granularity, cells with ragged edges, a filmy appearance, rounding, detachment from the surface of the well, or other changes. These changes are given a designation of T (100% toxic), PVH (partially toxic—very heavy—80%), PH (partially toxic—heavy—60%), P (partially toxic—40%), Ps (partially toxic—slight—20%), or 0 (no toxicity—0%), conforming to the degree of cytotoxicity seen. A 50% cell inhibitory (cytotoxic) concentration (IC₅₀) is determined by regression analysis of these data.

In a specific embodiment, the cells used in the cytotoxicity assay are animal cells, including primary cells and cell lines. In some embodiments, the cells are human cells. In certain embodiments, cytotoxicity is assessed in one or more of the following cell lines: U937, a human monocyte cell line; primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); Huh7, a human hepatoblastoma cell line; 293T, a human embryonic kidney cell line; or THP-1, monocytic cells. In certain embodiments, cytotoxicity is assessed in one or more of the following cell lines: MDCK, MEF, Huh 7.5, Detroit, or human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells.

Compounds can be tested for in vivo toxicity in animal models. For example, animal models, described herein and/or others known in the art, used to test the activities of compounds can also be used to determine the in vivo toxicity of these compounds. For example, animals are administered a range of concentrations of compounds. Subsequently, the animals are monitored over time for lethality, weight loss or failure to gain weight, and/or levels of serum markers that may be indicative of tissue damage (e.g., creatine phosphokinase level as an indicator of general tissue damage, level of glutamic oxalic acid transaminase or pyruvic acid transaminase as indicators for possible liver damage). These in vivo assays may also be adapted to test the toxicity of various administration mode and/or regimen in addition to dosages.

The toxicity and/or efficacy of a compound in accordance with the embodiments described herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD₅₀/ED₅₀. A compound identified in accordance with the embodiments described herein that exhibits large therapeutic indices is preferred. While a compound identified in accordance with the embodiments described herein that exhibits toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such agents to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage of a compound identified in accordance with the embodiments described herein for use in humans. The dosage of such agents lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any agent used in the methods and compositions described herein, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the test compound that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high-performance liquid chromatography. Additional information concerning dosage determination is provided in Section 5.5.4, infra.

5.2.4 Apoptosis Assay

Any technique known to one of skill in the art can be used to determine whether a compound has an apoptotic effect. For example, a fluorescence-based assay for caspase-3 activity can be used to detect whether a compound has a pro- or anti-apoptotic effect. In one example of such an assays, cells are seeded into 60 mm tissue culture treated dishes at 1.5×10⁶ cells per dish and allowed to incubate for 24 hours. After incubation, the medium is aspirated and the cells are washed with PBS. Fresh DMEM post-infection medium was added, containing compounds at the same concentrations as has been used for the viral infections. As a positive control for the induction of apoptosis, cells are treated with any known inducer of apoptosis, for example, staurosporin at a concentration of 5 μM. Cells are incubated for 6 hours. Subsequently, they are harvested, washed twice with PBS, lysed and incubated with the colorimetric substrate for an additional hour, at which time fluorescence is measured. An increase in fluorescence relative to a negative control or cells not treated with the compound indicates that the compound is pro-apoptotic.

5.2.5 Animal Model Studies

Compounds and compositions are preferably assayed in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity prior to use in humans. For example, in vivo assays can be used to determine whether it is preferable to administer a compound and/or another therapeutic agent. For example, to assess the use of a compound to prevent a viral infection, the compound can be administered before the animal is infected with the virus. Alternatively, or in addition, a compound can be administered to the animal at the same time that the animal is infected with the virus. To assess the use of a compound to treat or manage a viral infection, in one embodiment, the compound is administered after a viral infection in the animal. In another embodiment, a compound is administered to the animal at the same time that the animal is infected with the virus to treat and/or manage the viral infection. In a specific embodiment, the compound is administered to the animal more than one time.

Compounds can be tested for antiviral activity against virus in animal models systems including, but are not limited to, rats, mice, chicken, cows, monkeys, pigs, goats, sheep, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc. In a specific embodiment, compounds are tested in a mouse model system. Such model systems are widely used and well-known to the skilled artisan. Compounds can also be tested for replication enhancing activity toward virus replication in animal models systems including, but are not limited to, rats, mice, chicken, cows, monkeys, pigs, goats, sheep, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc. In a specific embodiment, compounds are tested in a mouse model system. Such model systems are widely used and well-known to the skilled artisan. Non-limiting examples of animal models for influenza virus are provided in Section 5.2.5.1 below.

Animals are infected with virus and concurrently or subsequently treated with a compound or placebo. Alternatively, animals are treated with a compound or placebo and subsequently infection with virus. Samples obtained from these animals (e.g., serum, urine, sputum, semen, saliva, plasma, or tissue sample) can be tested for viral replication via well known methods in the art, e.g., those that measure altered viral titers (as determined, e.g., by plaque formation), the production of viral proteins (as determined, e.g., by Western blot, ELISA, or flow cytometry analysis) or the production of viral nucleic acids (as determined, e.g., by RT-PCR or northern blot analysis). For quantitation of virus in tissue samples, tissue samples are homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and dilutions of clarified homogenates are adsorbed for 1 hour at 37° C. onto monolayers of cells (e.g., Vero, CEF or MDCK cells). In other assays, histopathologic evaluations are performed after infection, preferably evaluations of the organ(s) the virus is known to target for infection. Virus immunohistochemistry can be performed using a viral-specific monoclonal antibody.

The effect of a compound on the virulence of a virus can also be determined using in vivo assays in which the titer of the virus in an infected subject administered a compound, the length of survival of an infected subject administered a compound, the immune response in an infected subject administered a compound, the number, duration and/or severity of the symptoms in an infected subject administered a compound, and/or the time period before onset of one or more symptoms in an infected subject administered a compound is assessed. Techniques known to one of skill in the art can be used to measure such effects.

5.2.5.1 Influenza Virus Animal Models

Animal models, such as ferret, mouse, guinea pig, and chicken, developed for use to test antiviral agents against influenza virus have been described, See, e.g., Sidwell et al., Antiviral Res., 2000, 48:1-16; Lowen A. C. et al. PNAS, 2006, 103: 9988-92; and McCauley et al., Antiviral Res., 1995, 27:179-186. For mouse models of influenza, non-limiting examples of parameters that can be used to assay antiviral activity of compounds administered to the influenza-infected mice include pneumonia-associated death, serum α1-acid glycoprotein increase, animal weight, lung virus assayed by hemagglutinin, lung virus assayed by plaque assays, and histopathological change in the lung. Statistical analysis is carried out to calculate significance (e.g., a P value of 0.05 or less).

Nasal turbinates and trachea may be examined for epithelial changes and subepithelial inflammation. The lungs may be examined for bronchiolar epithelial changes and peribronchiolar inflammation in large, medium, and small or terminal bronchioles. The alveoli are also evaluated for inflammatory changes. The medium bronchioles are graded on a scale of 0 to 3+ as follows: 0 (normal: lined by medium to tall columnar epithelial cells with ciliated apical borders and basal pseudostratified nuclei; minimal inflammation); 1+ (epithelial layer columnar and even in outline with only slightly increased proliferation; cilia still visible on many cells); 2+ (prominent changes in the epithelial layer ranging from attenuation to marked proliferation; cells disorganized and layer outline irregular at the luminal border); 3+ (epithelial layer markedly disrupted and disorganized with necrotic cells visible in the lumen; some bronchioles attenuated and others in marked reactive proliferation).

The trachea is graded on a scale of 0 to 2.5+ as follows: 0 (normal: Lined by medium to tall columnar epithelial cells with ciliated apical border, nuclei basal and pseudostratified. Cytoplasm evident between apical border and nucleus. Occasional small focus with squamous cells); 1+ (focal squamous metaplasia of the epithelial layer); 2+ (diffuse squamous metaplasia of much of the epithelial layer, cilia may be evident focally); 2.5+ (diffuse squamous metaplasia with very few cilia evident).

Virus immunohistochemistry is performed using a viral-specific monoclonal antibody (e.g. NP-, N- or HN-specific monoclonal antibodies). Staining is graded 0 to 3+ as follows: 0 (no infected cells); 0.5+ (few infected cells); 1+ (few infected cells, as widely separated individual cells); 1.5+ (few infected cells, as widely separated singles and in small clusters); 2+ (moderate numbers of infected cells, usually affecting clusters of adjacent cells in portions of the epithelial layer lining bronchioles, or in small sublobular foci in alveoli); 3+ (numerous infected cells, affecting most of the epithelial layer in bronchioles, or widespread in large sublobular foci in alveoli).

5.2.6 Assays in Humans

In one embodiment, a compound that is a candidate for use in human subjects is assessed human subjects suffering from an influenza virus infection. In accordance with this embodiment, a candidate compound or a control compound is administered to the human subject, and the effect of a test compound on viral replication is determined by, e.g., analyzing the level of the virus or viral nucleic acids in a biological sample (e.g., serum or plasma). A candidate compound that inhibits virus replication can be identified by comparing the level of virus replication in a subject or group of subjects treated with a control compound to that in a subject or group of subjects treated with the candidate compound. Alternatively, a decrease in viral replication can be detected by comparing the level of virus replication in a subject or group of subjects before and after the administration of a candidate compound. Techniques known to those of skill in the art can be used to obtain the biological sample and analyze the mRNA or protein expression.

In another embodiment, the effect of a candidate compound on the severity of one or more symptoms associated with an influenza virus infection is assessed in a subject having an influenza virus infection. In accordance with this embodiment, a candidate compound or a control compound is administered to a human subject suffering from an influenza virus infection and the effect of the candidate compound on one or more symptoms of the virus infection is determined. A candidate compound that reduces one or more symptoms can be identified by comparing the subjects treated with a control compound to the subjects treated with the candidate compound. Techniques known to physicians familiar with infectious diseases can be used to determine whether a candidate compound reduces one or more symptoms associated with the influenza virus infection.

5.3 Compositions

Provided herein are compositions comprising a compound that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication. Such compositions may be in a dose effective to modulate influenza virus replication. Such compositions may be in a dose effective to reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication. Such compositions may be pharmaceutical compositions, and may additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier known in the art or described herein. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be in a dose effective to reduce or inhibit a symptom or disease associated with influenza virus infection. Compounds for use in these compositions and pharmaceutical compositions may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned nucleic acid compound, e.g., an siRNA; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule. Such compositions may also include another active agent, for example, another compound that targets a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication described herein. In certain embodiments, the compositions, including the pharmaceutical compositions, described herein contain the compound in an amount that is not significantly toxic to the cell, tissue, or subject for which it is intended. Methods of testing toxicity include any method known in the art, for example, as described in Sections 5.2.3 and 6 infra.

Any compound described herein may optionally be in the form of a composition comprising the compound and a carrier, excipient or diluent. In certain embodiments provided herein, compositions (including pharmaceutical compositions) comprise a compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent.

In other embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more of the compounds that reduce or inhibit influenza virus infection or replication described herein. The pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for veterinary and/or human administration.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be in any form that allows for the composition to be administered to a subject, preferably a human.

In a specific embodiment and in this context, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent” means a carrier, excipient or diluent approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete)), excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a specific carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin.

Typical compositions and dosage forms comprise one or more excipients. Suitable excipients are well-known to those skilled in the art of pharmacy, and non limiting examples of suitable excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. Whether a particular excipient is suitable for incorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form depends on a variety of factors well known in the art including, but not limited to, the way in which the dosage form will be administered to a patient and the specific active ingredients in the dosage form. The composition or single unit dosage form, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.

Lactose free compositions can comprise excipients that are well known in the art and are listed, for example, in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) SP (XXI)/NF (XVI). In general, lactose free compositions comprise an active ingredient, a binder/filler, and a lubricant in pharmaceutically compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable amounts. Specific lactose free dosage forms comprise a compound, microcrystalline cellulose, pre gelatinized starch, and magnesium stearate.

Further provided herein are anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising one or more compounds, since water can facilitate the degradation of some compounds. For example, the addition of water (e.g., 5%) is widely accepted in the pharmaceutical arts as a means of simulating long term storage in order to determine characteristics such as shelf life or the stability of formulations over time. See, e.g., Jens T. Carstensen, Drug Stability: Principles & Practice, 2d. Ed., Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y., 1995, pp. 379 80. In effect, water and heat accelerate the decomposition of some compounds. Thus, the effect of water on a formulation can be of great significance since moisture and/or humidity are commonly encountered during manufacture, handling, packaging, storage, shipment, and use of formulations.

Anhydrous compositions and dosage forms provided herein can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions. Compositions and dosage forms that comprise lactose and at least one compound that comprises a primary or secondary amine are preferably anhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity during manufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected.

An anhydrous composition should be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrous compositions are preferably packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials), blister packs, and strip packs.

Further provided herein are compositions and dosage forms that comprise one or more agents that reduce the rate by which a compound will decompose. Such agents, which are referred to herein as “stabilizers,” include, but are not limited to, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, pH buffers, or salt buffers.

The compositions and single unit dosage forms can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, lotions, or creams, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. Oral formulations can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Such compositions and dosage forms will contain a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a compound preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration. In a specific embodiment, the compositions or single unit dosage forms are sterile and in suitable form for administration to a subject, preferably an animal subject, more preferably a mammalian subject, and most preferably a human subject.

Compositions provided herein are formulated to be compatible with the intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include, but are not limited to, topical, parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), intranasal, transdermal (topical), transmucosal, intra-synovial and rectal administration. In a specific embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for topical, intravenous, pulmonary, subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intranasal or topical administration to human beings. In a specific embodiment, a composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures for subcutaneous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Examples of dosage forms include, but are not limited to: tablets; caplets; capsules, such as soft elastic gelatin capsules; cachets; troches; lozenges; dispersions; suppositories; ointments; cataplasms (poultices); pastes; powders; dressings; creams or lotions; plasters; solutions; patches; aerosols (e.g., nasal sprays or inhalers); gels; liquid dosage forms suitable for oral or mucosal administration to a patient, including suspensions (e.g., aqueous or non aqueous liquid suspensions, oil in water emulsions, or a water in oil liquid emulsions), solutions, and elixirs; liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient; and sterile solids (e.g., crystalline or amorphous solids) that can be reconstituted to provide liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient.

The composition, shape, and type of dosage forms will typically vary depending on their use.

Generally, the ingredients of compositions provided herein are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein that are suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, but are not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets, capsules, and liquids (e.g., flavored syrups). Such dosage forms contain predetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared by methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art. See generally, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1990).

Typical oral dosage forms provided herein are prepared by combining a compound in an intimate admixture with at least one excipient according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Excipients can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration. For example, excipients suitable for use in oral liquid or aerosol dosage forms include, but are not limited to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, and coloring agents. Examples of excipients suitable for use in solid oral dosage forms (e.g., powders, tablets, capsules, and caplets) include, but are not limited to, starches, sugars, micro crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.

Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit forms, in which case solid excipients are employed. If desired, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques. Such dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation if necessary.

For example, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredients in a free flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

Examples of excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants, and lubricants. Binders suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910), microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof. The binder or filler in pharmaceutical compositions provided herein is typically present in from about 50 to about 99 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form.

Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose include, but are not limited to, the materials sold as AVICEL PH 101, AVICEL PH 103 AVICEL RC 581, AVICEL PH 105 (available from FMC Corporation, American Viscose Division, Avicel Sales, Marcus Hook, Pa.), and mixtures thereof. A specific binder is a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose sold as AVICEL RC 581. Suitable anhydrous or low moisture excipients or additives include AVICEL PH 103 and Starch 1500 LM.

Disintegrants are used in the compositions provided herein to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment. Tablets that contain too much disintegrant may disintegrate in storage, while those that contain too little may not disintegrate at a desired rate or under the desired conditions. Thus, a sufficient amount of disintegrant that is neither too much nor too little to detrimentally alter the release of the active ingredients should be used to form solid oral dosage forms provided herein. The amount of disintegrant used varies based upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. Typical pharmaceutical compositions comprise from about 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant, specifically from about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant.

Disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, pre gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.

Lubricants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, and mixtures thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel (AEROSIL 200, manufactured by W.R. Grace Co. of Baltimore, Md.), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica (marketed by Degussa Co. of Plano, Tex.), CAB O SIL (a pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold by Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and mixtures thereof. If used at all, lubricants are typically used in an amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms into which they are incorporated.

A compound can be administered by controlled release means or by delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; and 4,008,719, 5,674,533, 5,059,595, 5,591,767, 5,120,548, 5,073,543, 5,639,476, 5,354,556, and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used to provide slow or controlled release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the compositions described herein. The embodiments described herein thus encompass single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled release.

All controlled release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their noncontrolled counterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designed controlled release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled release formulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition, controlled release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the drug, and can thus affect the occurrence of side (e.g., adverse) effects.

Most controlled release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of other amounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain this constant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but not limited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or agents.

Parenteral dosage forms can be administered to patients by various routes including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous (including bolus injection), intramuscular, and intraarterial. Because their administration typically bypasses patients' natural defenses against contaminants, parenteral dosage forms are preferably sterile or capable of being sterilized prior to administration to a patient. Examples of parenteral dosage forms include, but are not limited to, solutions ready for injection, dry products ready to be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for injection, suspensions ready for injection, and emulsions.

Suitable vehicles that can be used to provide parenteral dosage forms provided herein are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to: Water for Injection USP; aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection; water miscible vehicles such as, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol; and non aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.

Agents that increase the solubility of one or more of the compounds provided herein can also be incorporated into the parenteral dosage forms provided herein.

Transdermal, topical, and mucosal dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, ophthalmic solutions, sprays, aerosols, creams, lotions, ointments, gels, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, or other forms known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th and 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1980 & 1990); and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 4th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1985). Dosage forms suitable for treating mucosal tissues within the oral cavity can be formulated as mouthwashes or as oral gels. Further, transdermal dosage forms include “reservoir type” or “matrix type” patches, which can be applied to the skin and worn for a specific period of time to permit the penetration of a desired amount of active ingredients.

Suitable excipients (e.g., carriers and diluents) and other materials that can be used to provide transdermal, topical, and mucosal dosage forms provided herein are well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts, and depend on the particular tissue to which a given pharmaceutical composition or dosage form will be applied. With that fact in mind, typical excipients include, but are not limited to, water, acetone, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butane 1,3 diol, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, mineral oil, and mixtures thereof to form lotions, tinctures, creams, emulsions, gels or ointments, which are non toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable. Moisturizers or humectants can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms if desired. Examples of such additional ingredients are well known in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th and 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1980 & 1990).

Depending on the specific tissue to be treated, additional components may be used prior to, in conjunction with, or subsequent to treatment with a compound. For example, penetration enhancers can be used to assist in delivering the active ingredients to the tissue. Suitable penetration enhancers include, but are not limited to: acetone; various alcohols such as ethanol, oleyl, and tetrahydrofuryl; alkyl sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide; dimethyl acetamide; dimethyl formamide; polyethylene glycol; pyrrolidones such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; Kollidon grades (Povidone, Polyvidone); urea; and various water soluble or insoluble sugar esters such as Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) and Span 60 (sorbitan monostearate).

The pH of a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form, or of the tissue to which the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form is applied, may also be adjusted to improve delivery of one or more compounds. Similarly, the polarity of a solvent carrier, its ionic strength, or tonicity can be adjusted to improve delivery. Agents such as stearates can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms to advantageously alter the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of one or more compounds so as to improve delivery. In this regard, stearates can serve as a lipid vehicle for the formulation, as an emulsifying agent or surfactant, and as a delivery enhancing or penetration enhancing agent. Different salts, hydrates or solvates of the compounds can be used to further adjust the properties of the resulting composition.

In certain specific embodiments, the compositions are in oral, injectable, or transdermal dosage forms. In one specific embodiment, the compositions are in oral dosage forms. In one specific embodiment, the compositions are in intranasal dosage forms. In another specific embodiment, the compositions are in the form of injectable dosage forms. In one specific embodiment, the compositions are in topical dosage forms. In another specific embodiment, the compositions are in the form of transdermal dosage forms.

In certain embodiments, it is beneficial to deliver a compound targeted to a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication to a lung or other epithelial tissue of an individual infected with, or at risk for infection with, an influenza virus.

5.3.1 Compositions Comprising Nucleic Acid Compounds

With regard to nucleic acid molecules, such as siRNAs, administration may be carried out by known methods, wherein a nucleic acid is introduced into a desired target cell in vitro or in vivo. Commonly used gene transfer techniques include calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, electroporation and microinjection and viral methods (Graham, F. L. and van der Eb, A. J. (1973) Virol. 52, 456; McCutchan, J. H. and Pagano, J. S. (1968), J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 41, 351; Chu, G. et al (1987), Nucl. Acids Res. 15, 1311; Fraley, R. et al. (1980), J. Biol. Chem. 255, 10431; Capecchi, M. R. (1980), Cell 22, 479). A recent addition to this arsenal of techniques for the introduction of DNA into cells is the use of cationic liposomes (Feigner, P. L. et al. (1987), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7413). Commercially available cationic lipid formulations are e.g. Tfx 50 (Promega) or Lipofectamin2000 (Life Technologies). For diagnostic or therapeutic applications, a composition may be in form of a solution, e.g. an injectable solution, a cream, ointment, tablet, suspension or the like. The composition may be administered in any suitable way, e.g. by injection, by oral, topical, nasal, rectal application etc. The carrier may be any suitable pharmaceutical carrier. Preferably, a carrier is used, which is capable of increasing the efficacy of the RNA molecules to enter the target-cells. Suitable examples of such carriers are liposomes, particularly cationic liposomes. A further preferred administration method is injection

5.4 Prophylactic and Therapeutic Uses

Provided herein are methods of reducing or inhibiting influenza virus replication, comprising contacting a cell infected with an influenza virus with a compound, or composition comprising the compound, that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication, in an amount sufficient to reduce or inhibit replication of the influenza virus. In one embodiment, a method for reducing or inhibiting replication of an influenza virus comprises: (a) infecting a cell with an influenza virus; and (b) contacting the cell with such a compound or composition in an amount sufficient to reduce or inhibit replication of the influenza virus. Also provided herein are methods for reducing or inhibiting influenza virus replication, comprising: (a) contacting a cell with such a compound or composition in an amount sufficient to reduce or inhibit replication of an influenza virus; and (b) infecting the cell with the influenza virus. In some embodiments, a compound or composition comprising the compound is considered to reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication if it reduces the amount of influenza virus replication as measured compared to a control, such as, for example, influenza virus replication in the absence of the compound or composition, or influenza virus replication in the presence of a negative control. In some embodiments, the compound or composition is contacted to a cell at risk for influenza virus infection. Compounds for use in such methods may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned siRNA; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule.

In certain embodiments, the cell is contacted with an influenza virus concurrently with the compound, or within, for example, 5 seconds, 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours or 24 hours, of each other.

Provided herein are methods for treating an influenza virus infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound, e.g., nucleic acid compound (e.g., siRNA) or small molecule, that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication in an amount sufficient to reduce the influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. Compounds for use in such methods may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned siRNA; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule.

Provided herein are methods for treating a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound, e.g., nucleic acid compound (e.g., siRNA) or small molecule, that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication in an amount sufficient to reduce the symptom or disease associated with the influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the subject is infected with an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is at risk for infection with an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. Compounds for use in such methods may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned siRNA; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule.

Also provided herein are methods for preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound, e.g., nucleic acid compound (e.g., siRNA) or small molecule, that targets one or more human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication in an amount sufficient to prevent or reduce the symptom or disease associated with the influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the subject is infected with an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is at risk for infection with an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. Compounds for use in such methods may include, by non-limiting example, (i) a compound that targets an aforementioned category of human host cell factor; (ii) a compound that targets a human host cell factor in such a category; (iii) a compound that targets an aforementioned human host cell factor; (iv) an aforementioned siRNA; or (v) an aforementioned small molecule.

In certain embodiments of the aforementioned methods, the compounds, compositions, and pharmaceutical compositions used in an amount that is not significantly toxic to the cell, tissue, or subject for which it is intended. Methods of testing toxicity include any method known in the art, for example, as described supra and in Section 6 below. The aforementioned methods may optionally comprise use of the compound that targets a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication in combination with one or more additional active agents. Such additional active agents include, for example, one or more additional antiviral agents, e.g., an aforementioned compound that targets human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication; an antibiotic; an immunomodulatory agent; and an agent used in the treatment or prophylaxis of one or more pulmonary diseases described herein or known in the art.

In certain of the above embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain of the above embodiments, the influenza virus is an influenza A virus. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is an influenza B virus. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is an influenza C virus. Any type, subtype, or strain of influenza virus described herein or known in the art may be targeted in accordance with the embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is of human origin. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is of avian origin (e.g., H5N1). In some embodiments, the influenza virus is of swine origin (e.g., H1N1).

Provided herein are methods of preventing, treating and/or managing an influenza virus infection, said methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof one or more compounds described herein. In a specific embodiment, provided herein is a method of preventing, treating and/or managing an influenza virus infection, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a dose of a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds described herein or a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising a compound described herein. A compound or a composition described herein may be used as any line of therapy (e.g., a first, second, third, fourth or fifth line therapy) for an influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the subject to be treated is severely ill. In some embodiments, the subject to be treated is unresponsive, or poorly responsive, to one or more previous antiviral therapies.

Non-limiting examples of influenza virus infections to be treated in accordance with this aspect include one or more of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, or influenza C virus. In one embodiment, the influenza A virus is an H5N1 isolate. In another embodiment, the influenza A virus is an H1N1 isolate.

In a specific embodiment, the influenza virus infects humans. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is a naturally occurring strain, variant or mutant of an influenza virus, a mutagenized influenza virus, a reassortant influenza virus and/or a genetically engineered influenza virus.

In specific embodiments, a compound described herein is the only active ingredient administered to prevent, treat and/or manage an influenza virus infection. In a certain embodiment, the compound is the only active ingredient in a composition that is administered to prevent, treat and/or manage an influenza virus infection or symptom or disease associated therewith. In other embodiments, more than one such compound, or the compound together with another therapy, is administered in order to achieve a synergistic effect.

In some embodiments, the compound specifically interferes with the replication of an influenza virus. In other embodiments, the compound interferes with the replication of influenza virus and one or more other viruses. In some embodiments, the compound reduces the viral replication of one type, subtype or strain of influenza virus more than another. For example, the compound may reduce the replication of an influenza A virus more than it reduces the replication of an influenza B virus, and vice versa.

The choice of compounds to be used depends on a number of factors, including but not limited to the type of viral infection, health and age of the patient, and toxicity or side effects.

The embodiments described herein encompass methods for preventing, treating, and/or managing an influenza virus infection for which no antiviral therapy is available. The embodiments described herein also encompass methods for preventing, treating, and/or managing an influenza virus infection as an alternative to other conventional therapies.

Also provided herein are methods of preventing, treating and/or managing an influenza virus infection, said methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof one or more of the compounds described herein and one or more other therapies (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents). In a specific embodiment, the other therapies are currently being used, have been used or are known to be useful in the prevention, treatment and/or management of a viral infection. Non-limiting examples of such therapies are provided below. In a specific embodiment, one or more compounds described herein are administered to a subject in combination with one or more therapies. In another embodiment, one or more compounds described herein are administered to a subject in combination with a supportive therapy, a pain relief therapy, or another therapy that does not have antiviral activity. In some embodiments, the therapy is a treatment of pulmonary disease.

The combination therapies can be administered sequentially or concurrently. In one embodiment, the combination therapies comprise an comprise a compound that targets a human host cell factor involved in influenza virus replication described and at least one other therapy which has the same mechanism of action. In another embodiment, the combination therapies described herein and at least one other therapy which has a different mechanism of action than the compound.

In a specific embodiment, the combination therapies improve the prophylactic and/or therapeutic effect of a compound described herein by functioning together with the compound to have an additive or synergistic effect. In another embodiment, the combination therapies reduce the side effects associated with each therapy taken alone.

The prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the combination therapies can be administered to a subject in the same pharmaceutical composition. Alternatively, the prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the combination therapies can be administered concurrently to a subject in separate pharmaceutical compositions. The prophylactic or therapeutic agents may be administered to a subject by the same or different routes of administration.

5.4.1 Patient Population

In some embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein, or a combination therapy is administered to a subject suffering from an influenza virus infection. In other embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein, or a combination therapy is administered to a subject predisposed to, at risk for, or susceptible to an influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein, or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that lives in a region where there has been or might be an outbreak with an influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the influenza virus infection is an active infection. In some embodiments, the influenza virus infection is chronic.

In certain embodiments, the compound, the composition comprising the compound or a combination therapy is administered to a mammal which is 0 to 6 months old, 6 to 12 months old, 1 to 5 years old, 5 to 10 years old, 10 to 15 years old, 15 to 20 years old, 20 to 25 years old, 25 to 30 years old, 30 to 35 years old, 35 to 40 years old, 40 to 45 years old, 45 to 50 years old, 50 to 55 years old, 55 to 60 years old, 60 to 65 years old, 65 to 70 years old, 70 to 75 years old, 75 to 80 years old, 80 to 85 years old, 85 to 90 years old, 90 to 95 years old or 95 to 100 years old. In certain embodiments, the compound, a composition comprising the compound or a combination therapy is administered to a human at risk for an influenza virus infection. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a human with an influenza virus infection. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human 0 to 6 months old, 6 to 12 months old, 1 to 5 years old, 5 to 10 years old, 5 to 12 years old, 10 to 15 years old, 15 to 20 years old, 13 to 19 years old, 20 to 25 years old, 25 to 30 years old, 20 to 65 years old, 30 to 35 years old, 35 to 40 years old, 40 to 45 years old, 45 to 50 years old, 50 to 55 years old, 55 to 60 years old, 60 to 65 years old, 65 to 70 years old, 70 to 75 years old, 75 to 80 years old, 80 to 85 years old, 85 to 90 years old, 90 to 95 years old or 95 to 100 years old. In some embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a human infant. In other embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a human child. In other embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a human adult. In yet other embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to an elderly human.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a pet, e.g., a dog or cat. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a farm animal or livestock, e.g., pig, cow, horse, chicken, etc. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a compound comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a bird, e.g., duck or chicken.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a primate, preferably a human, or another mammal, such as a pig, cow, horse, sheep, goat, dog, cat and rodent, in an immunocompromised state or immunosuppressed state or at risk for becoming immunocompromised or immunosuppressed. In certain embodiments, a compound, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a subject receiving or recovering from immunosuppressive therapy. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that has or is at risk of getting cancer, AIDS, another viral infection, or a bacterial infection. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that is, will or has undergone surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that has, will have or had a tissue transplant. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that smokes, has asthma, emphysema, allergies, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or another disease which makes the subject susceptible to an influenza virus infection. In some embodiments, the compound, a composition comprising the compound or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that lives or works at a nursing home, a group home (i.e., a home for 10 or more subjects), or a prison. In some embodiments, the compound, a composition comprising the compound or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that attends or works at a school (e.g., elementary school, middle school, junior high school, high school or university) or daycare. In some embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that works in the healthcare area, such as a doctor or a nurse, or in a hospital. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a subject that is pregnant or plans on becoming pregnant.

In some embodiments, a patient is administered a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy before any adverse effects or intolerance to therapies other than the compound develops. In some embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to refractory patients. In a certain embodiment, a refractory patient is a patient refractory to a standard antiviral therapy. In certain embodiments, a patient with a viral infection is refractory to a therapy when the infection has not significantly been eradicated and/or the symptoms have not been significantly alleviated. The determination of whether a patient is refractory can be made either in vivo or in vitro by any method known in the art for assaying the effectiveness of a treatment of infections, using art-accepted meanings of “refractory” in such a context. In various embodiments, a patient with a viral infection is refractory when viral replication has not decreased or has increased.

In some embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a patient to prevent the onset or reoccurrence of an influenza virus infection in a patient at risk of developing such an infection. In some embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a patient who is susceptible to adverse reactions to conventional therapies.

In some embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy to a patient who has proven refractory to therapies other than the compound, but are no longer on these therapies. In certain embodiments, the patients being managed or treated in accordance with the methods described herein are patients already being treated with antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, or other biological therapy/immunotherapy. Among these patients are refractory patients, patients who are too young for conventional therapies, and patients with reoccurring viral infections despite management or treatment with existing therapies.

In some embodiments, the subject being administered a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy has not received a therapy prior to the administration of the compound or composition or combination therapy. In other embodiments, a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy is administered to a subject who has received a therapy prior to administration of the compound, composition or combination therapy. In some embodiments, the subject administered a compound described herein, a composition comprising a compound described herein or a combination therapy was refractory to a prior therapy or experienced adverse side effects to the prior therapy or the prior therapy was discontinued due to unacceptable levels of toxicity to the subject.

5.4.2 Mode of Administration

When administered to a patient, a compound described herein is preferably administered as a component of a composition that optionally comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. The composition can be administered orally, or by any other convenient route, for example, topically, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal, and intestinal mucosa) and may be administered together with another biologically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, capsules, and can be used to administer the compound and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Methods of administration include but are not limited to parenteral, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intranasal, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, rectally, by inhalation, or topically, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In most instances, administration will result in the release of a compound into the bloodstream.

In specific embodiments, it may be desirable to administer a compound described herein locally. This may be achieved, for example, and not by way of limitation, by local infusion, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.

Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, a compound is formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and vehicles such as triglycerides.

In specific embodiments, the compound can be administered topically, ocularly, intranasally or by an inhaler or nebulizer.

In another embodiment, the compound is delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (See Langer, 1990, Science 249:1527 1533; Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Bacterial infection, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353 365 (1989); Lopez Berestein, ibid., pp. 317 327; See generally ibid.).

In another embodiment, the compound is delivered in a controlled release system (See, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115 138 (1984)). Examples of controlled-release systems are discussed in the review by Langer, 1990, Science 249:1527 1533 may be used. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (See Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201; Buchwald et al., 1980, Surgery 88:507; Saudek et al., 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (See Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, 1983, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61; See also Levy et at, 1985, Science 228:190; During et al., 1989, Ann. Neurol. 25:351; Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 71:105). In a specific embodiment, a controlled-release system comprising the compound is placed in close proximity to the tissue infected with a virus to be prevented, treated and/or managed. In accordance with this embodiment, the close proximity of the controlled-release system to the infection may result in only a fraction of the dose of the compound required if it is systemically administered.

In certain embodiments, it may be preferable to administer a compound described herein via the natural route of infection of the influenza virus against which the compound has antiviral activity. For example, it may be desirable to administer the compound into the lungs by any suitable route to treat or prevent an infection of the respiratory tract by an influenza virus. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent for use as a spray.

5.4.3 Agents for Use in Combination with the Compounds

Therapeutic or prophylactic agents that can be used in combination with the compounds described herein for the prevention, treatment and/or management of influenza virus infection include, but are not limited to, small molecules, synthetic drugs, peptides (including cyclic peptides), polypeptides, proteins, nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA nucleotides including, but not limited to, antisense nucleotide sequences, triple helices, RNAi, and nucleotide sequences encoding biologically active proteins, polypeptides or peptides), antibodies, synthetic or natural inorganic molecules, mimetic agents, and synthetic or natural organic molecules. Specific examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, immunomodulatory agents (e.g., interferon), anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., adrenocorticoids, corticosteroids (e.g., beclomethasone, budesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, triamcinolone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone, hydrocortisone), glucocorticoids, steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and COX-2 inhibitors), pain relievers, leukotreine antagonists (e.g., montelukast, methyl xanthines, zafirlukast, and zileuton), beta2-agonists (e.g., albuterol, biterol, fenoterol, isoetharie, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, salbutamol, terbutalin formoterol, salmeterol, and salbutamol terbutaline), anticholinergic agents (e.g., ipratropium bromide and oxitropium bromide), sulphasalazine, penicillamine, dapsone, antihistamines, anti-malarial agents (e.g., hydroxychloroquine), anti-viral agents (e.g., nucleoside analogs (e.g., zidovudine, acyclovir, gangcyclovir, vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, and ribavirin), foscarnet, amantadine, rimantadine, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, and AZT) and antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, erythomycin, penicillin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)).

Any therapy which is known to be useful, or which has been used or is currently being used for the prevention, management, and/or treatment of an influenza virus infection or symptom or disease associated therewith can be used in combination with the compounds described herein in the compositions and methods described herein. See, e.g., Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001; The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Berkow, M. D. et al. (eds.), 17th Ed., Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, N.J., 199 9; Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th Ed., Bennett and Plum (eds.), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, and Physicians' Desk Reference (61^(st) ed. 1007) for information regarding therapies (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents) which have been or are currently being used for preventing, treating and/or managing influenza virus infections.

5.4.3.1 Antiviral Agents

Antiviral agents that can be used in combination with compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors. In one embodiment, the antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of amantadine, oseltamivir phosphate, rimantadine, and zanamivir. In another embodiment, the antiviral agent is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of delavirdine, efavirenz, and nevirapine. In another embodiment, the antiviral agent is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir DF, zalcitabine, and zidovudine. In another embodiment, the antiviral agent is a protease inhibitor selected from the group consisting of amprenavir, atazanavir, fosamprenav, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir. In another embodiment, the antiviral agent is a fusion inhibitor such as enfuvirtide.

Additional, non-limiting examples of antiviral agents for use in combination with the compounds that target human host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication described herein include the following: rifampicin, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., AZT, ddI, ddC, 3TC, d4T), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., delavirdine efavirenz, nevirapine), protease inhibitors (e.g., aprenavir, indinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), idoxuridine, cidofovir, acyclovir, ganciclovir, zanamivir, amantadine, and palivizumab. Other examples of anti-viral agents include but are not limited to acemannan; acyclovir; acyclovir sodium; adefovir; alovudine; alvircept sudotox; amantadine hydrochloride (SYMMETREL™); aranotin; arildone; atevirdine mesylate; pyridine; cidofovir; cipamfylline; cytarabine hydrochloride; delavirdine mesylate; desciclovir; didanosine; disoxaril; edoxudine; enviradene; enviroxime; famciclovir; famotine hydrochloride; fiacitabine; fialuridine; fosarilate; foscamet sodium; fosfonet sodium; ganciclovir; ganciclovir sodium; idoxuridine; kethoxal; lamivudine; lobucavir; memotine hydrochloride; methisazone; nevirapine; oseltamivir phosphate (TAMIFLU™); penciclovir; pirodavir; ribavirin; rimantadine hydrochloride (FLUMADINE™); saquinavir mesylate; somantadine hydrochloride; sorivudine; statolon; stavudine; tilorone hydrochloride; trifluridine; valacyclovir hydrochloride; vidarabine; vidarabine phosphate; vidarabine sodium phosphate; viroxime; zalcitabine; zanamivir (RELENZA™); zidovudine; and zinviroxime.

5.4.3.2 Antibacterial Agents

Antibacterial agents, including antibiotics, that can be used in combination with the compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, aminoglycoside antibiotics, glycopeptides, amphenicol antibiotics, ansamycin antibiotics, cephalosporins, cephamycins oxazolidinones, penicillins, quinolones, streptogamins, tetracyclins, and analogs thereof. In some embodiments, antibiotics are administered in combination with the compound to prevent and/or treat a bacterial infection.

In a specific embodiment, the compounds described herein are used in combination with other protein synthesis inhibitors, including but not limited to, streptomycin, neomycin, erythromycin, carbomycin, and spiramycin.

In one embodiment, the antibacterial agent is selected from the group consisting of ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, neomycin, penicillin G, streptomycin, sulfanilamide, and vancomycin. In another embodiment, the antibacterial agent is selected from the group consisting of azithromycin, cefonicid, cefotetan, cephalothin, cephamycin, chlortetracycline, clarithromycin, clindamycin, cycloserine, dalfopristin, doxycycline, erythromycin, linezolid, mupirocin, oxytetracycline, quinupristin, rifampin, spectinomycin, and trimethoprim.

Additional, non-limiting examples of antibacterial agents for use in combination with the compounds described herein include the following: aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., apramycin, arbekacin, bambermycins, butirosin, dibekacin, neomycin, neomycin, undecylenate, netilmicin, paromomycin, ribostamycin, sisomicin, and spectinomycin), amphenicol antibiotics (e.g., azidamfenicol, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and thiamphenicol), ansamycin antibiotics (e.g., rifamide and rifampin), carbacephems (e.g., loracarbef), carbapenems (e.g., biapenem and imipenem), cephalosporins (e.g., cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, and cefpirome), cephamycins (e.g., cefbuperazone, cefinetazole, and cefininox), folic acid analogs (e.g., trimethoprim), glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin), lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin, and lincomycin), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin, carbomycin, clarithomycin, dirithromycin, erythromycin, and erythromycin acistrate), monobactams (e.g., aztreonam, carumonam, and tigemonam), nitrofurans (e.g., furaltadone, and furazolium chloride), oxacephems (e.g., flomoxef, and moxalactam), oxazolidinones (e.g., linezolid), penicillins (e.g., amdinocillin, amdinocillin pivoxil, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, benzylpenicillinic acid, benzylpenicillin sodium, epicillin, fenbenicillin, floxacillin, penamccillin, penethamate hydriodide, penicillin o benethamine, penicillin 0, penicillin V, penicillin V benzathine, penicillin V hydrabamine, penimepicycline, and phencihicillin potassium), quinolones and analogs thereof (e.g., cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, flumequine, grepagloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin), streptogramins (e.g., quinupristin and dalfopristin), sulfonamides (e.g., acetyl sulfamethoxypyrazine, benzylsulfamide, noprylsulfamide, phthalylsulfacetamide, sulfachrysoidine, and sulfacytine), sulfones (e.g., diathymosulfone, glucosulfone sodium, and solasulfone), and tetracyclines (e.g., apicycline, chlortetracycline, clomocycline, and demeclocycline). Additional examples include cycloserine, mupirocin, tuberin amphomycin, bacitracin, capreomycin, colistin, enduracidin, enviomycin, and 2,4 diaminopyrimidines (e.g., brodimoprim).

5.4.4 Dosages & Frequency of Administration

The amount of a compound described herein, or the amount of a composition comprising a compound described herein, that will be effective in the prevention, treatment and/or management of an influenza virus infection can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In vitro or in vivo assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed will also depend, e.g., on the route of administration, the type of infection, and the seriousness of the infection, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's or subject's circumstances.

In some embodiments, the dosage of a compound described herein is determined by extrapolating from the “no observed adverse effective level” (NOAEL), as determined in animal studies. This extrapolated dosage is useful in determining the maximum recommended starting dose for human clinical trials. For instance, the NOAELs can be extrapolated to determine human equivalent dosages (HED). Typically, HED is extrapolated from a non-human animal dosage based on the doses that are normalized to body surface area (i.e., mg/m²). In specific embodiments, the NOAELs are determined in mice, hamsters, rats, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, primates, primates (monkeys, marmosets, squirrel monkeys, baboons), micropigs or minipigs. For a discussion on the use of NOAELs and their extrapolation to determine human equivalent doses, See Guidance for Industry Estimating the Maximum Safe Starting Dose in Initial Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in Adult Healthy Volunteers, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Pharmacology and Toxicology, July 2005. In one embodiment, a compound described herein or composition thereof is administered at a dose that is lower than the human equivalent dosage (HED) of the NOAEL over a period of 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, three months, four months, six months, nine months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years or more.

In certain embodiments, a dosage regime for a human subject can be extrapolated from animal model studies using the dose at which 10% of the animals die (LD₁₀). In general the starting dose of a Phase I clinical trial is based on preclinical testing. A standard measure of toxicity of a drug in preclinical testing is the percentage of animals that die because of treatment. It is well within the skill of the art to correlate the LD₁₀ in an animal study with the maximal-tolerated dose (MTD) in humans, adjusted for body surface area, as a basis to extrapolate a starting human dose. In some embodiments, the interrelationship of dosages for one animal model can be converted for use in another animal, including humans, using conversion factors (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) as described, e.g., in Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Rep., 1966, 50:219-244. Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardley, N.Y., 1970, 537. In certain embodiments, the adjustment for body surface area includes host factors such as, for example, surface area, weight, metabolism, tissue distribution, absorption rate, and excretion rate. In addition, the route of administration, excipient usage, and the specific influenza virus or symptom thereof (and/or other disease) to target are also factors to consider. In one embodiment, the standard conservative starting dose is about 1/10 the murine LD₁₀, although it may be even lower if other species (i.e., dogs) were more sensitive to the compound. In other embodiments, the standard conservative starting dose is about 1/100, 1/95, 1/90, 1/85, 1/80, 1/75, 1/70, 1/65, 1/60, 1/55, 1/50, 1/45, 1/40, 1/35, 1/30, 1/25, 1/20, 1/15, 2/10, 3/10, 4/10, or 5/10 of the murine LD₁₀. In other embodiments, a starting dose amount of a compound in a human is lower than the dose extrapolated from animal model studies. In another embodiment, a starting dose amount of a compound in a human is higher than the dose extrapolated from animal model studies. It is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the active composition at relatively low levels, and increase or decrease the dosage as necessary to achieve the desired effect with minimal toxicity.

Exemplary doses of compounds or compositions described herein include milligram or microgram amounts per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 5 micrograms per kilogram to about 100 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram). In specific embodiments, a daily dose is at least 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg, or at least 1 g.

In another embodiment, the dosage is a unit dose of 5 mg, preferably 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg, 350 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 550 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg, 700 mg, 750 mg, 800 mg or more. In another embodiment, the dosage is a unit dose that ranges from about 5 mg to about 100 mg, about 100 mg to about 200 mg, about 150 mg to about 300 mg, about 150 mg to about 400 mg, 250 mg to about 500 mg, about 500 mg to about 800 mg, about 500 mg to about 1000 mg, or about 5 mg to about 1000 mg.

In certain embodiments, suitable dosage ranges for oral administration are about 0.001 milligram to about 500 milligrams of a compound, per kilogram body weight per day. In specific embodiments, the oral dose is about 0.01 milligram to about 100 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day, about 0.1 milligram to about 75 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day or about 0.5 milligram to 5 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day. The dosage amounts described herein refer to total amounts administered; that is, if more than one compound is administered, then, in some embodiments, the dosages correspond to the total amount administered. In a specific embodiment, oral compositions contain about 10% to about 95% of a compound described herein by weight.

Suitable dosage ranges for intravenous (i.v.) administration are about 0.01 milligram to about 100 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day, about 0.1 milligram to about 35 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day, and about 1 milligram to about 10 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day. In some embodiments, suitable dosage ranges for intranasal administration are about 0.01 pg/kg body weight per day to about 1 mg/kg body weight per day. Suppositories generally contain about 0.01 milligram to about 50 milligrams of a compound described herein per kilogram body weight per day and comprise active ingredient in the range of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight.

Recommended dosages for intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, epidural, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal administration or administration by inhalation are in the range of about 0.001 milligram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day. Suitable doses for topical administration include doses that are in the range of about 0.001 milligram to about 50 milligrams, depending on the area of administration. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. Such animal models and systems are well known in the art.

In another embodiment, a subject is administered one or more doses of a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a composition described herein, wherein the prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount is not the same for each dose.

In certain embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition described herein in an amount effective to inhibit viral genome replication by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In other embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral genome replication by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral genome replication by at least 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 8 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, or 2 to 5 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 10 fold, or 5 to 20 fold relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or other known to one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition described herein in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral protein synthesis by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In other embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral protein synthesis by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral protein synthesis by at least 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 8 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, or 2 to 5 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 10 fold, or 5 to 20 fold relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition described herein in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce the spread of virus from a cell, tissue, or organ to another cell, tissue or organ by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In some embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce the spread of virus from a cell, tissue or organ to another cell, tissue or organ by at least 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 8 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, or 2 to 5 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 10 fold, or 5 to 20 fold relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition described herein in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral titer by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In some embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral titer by at least 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 8 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, or 2 to 5 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 10 fold, or 5 to 20 fold relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In other embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral titer by 1 log, 1.5 logs, 2 logs, 2.5 logs, 3 logs, 3.5 logs, 4 logs, 5 logs or more relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition described herein in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral replication by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In some embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral replication by at least 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 8 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, or 2 to 5 fold, 2 to 10 fold, 5 to 10 fold, or 5 to 20 fold relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In other embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition described herein in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce viral replication by 1 log, 1.5 logs, 2 logs, 2.5 logs, 3 logs, 3.5 logs, 4 logs, 5 logs or more relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition described herein in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce the ability of the virus to spread to other individuals by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art. In other embodiments, a subject is administered a compound or a composition in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce the ability of the virus to spread to other cells, tissues or organs in the subject by at least 20% to 25%, preferably at least 25% to 30%, at least 30% to 35%, at least 35% to 40%, at least 40% to 45%, at least 45% to 50%, at least 50% to 55%, at least 55% to 60%, at least 60% to 65%, at least 65% to 70%, at least 70% to 75%, at least 75% to 80%, or up to at least 85% relative to a negative control as determined using an assay described herein or others known to one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, a dose of a compound or a composition described herein is administered to a subject every day, every other day, every couple of days, every third day, once a week, twice a week, three times a week, or once every two weeks. In other embodiments, two, three or four doses of a compound or a composition described herein is administered to a subject every day, every couple of days, every third day, once a week or once every two weeks. In some embodiments, a dose(s) of a compound or a composition is administered for 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 14 days, or 21 days. In certain embodiments, a dose of a compound or a composition described herein is administered for 1 month, 1.5 months, 2 months, 2.5 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months or more.

The dosages of prophylactic or therapeutic agents which have been or are currently used for the prevention, treatment and/or management of an influenza virus infection can be determined using references available to a clinician such as, e.g., the Physicians' Desk Reference (61^(st) ed. 2007). In a specific embodiment, dosages lower than those which have been or are currently being used to prevent, treat and/or manage the infection are utilized in combination with one or more compounds or compositions described herein.

For compounds described herein which have already been approved for uses other than prevention, treatment or management of influenza virus infections, safe ranges of doses can be readily determined using references available to clinicians, such as e.g., the Physician's Desk Reference (61^(st) ed. 2007).

The above-described administration schedules are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting. A person of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that all doses are within the scope of the embodiments described herein.

5.4.4.1 Dosages for Nucleic Acid Compounds

The formulation of siRNA compositions and their subsequent administration is within the skill of those in the art. In general, for therapeutics, a subject in need of such treatment is administered a nucleic acid compound in accordance with the embodiments described herein, commonly in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in doses ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight depending on the age of the patient and the severity of the disease state being treated. Further, the treatment regimen may last for a period of time which will vary depending upon the nature of the particular disease, its severity and the overall condition of the patient, and may extend from once daily to once every 20 years. Following treatment, the patient is monitored for changes in his/her condition and for alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state. The dosage of the compound may either be increased in the event the patient does not respond significantly to current dosage levels, or the dose may be decreased if an alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state is observed, or if the disease state has been ablated.

The dosages and regimens provided in Section 5.4.4 above may be adapted for the administration of nucleic acid compounds, such as, e.g., siRNAs.

5.5 Use of Compounds in Cell Culture and as Disinfectants

Also provided herein are the use of compounds described herein as ingredients in cell culture-related products in which it is desirable to modulate influenza viral replication, for example, to have antiviral activity. In one embodiment, one or more of the compounds described herein are added to cell culture media. In certain embodiments, compounds that prove too toxic or are not used in subjects are added to cell culture-related products, such as media. Also provided is the use of the compounds described herein as ingredients in disinfectants and soaps.

5.6 Kits

Also provided herein are kits that can be used in the above methods. In one embodiment, the kit comprises a compound described herein contained in an appropriate package. In some embodiments, a kit further comprises a negative control and/or a positive control, in an appropriate package(s). In some embodiments, the kit further comprises an influenza virus. In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a reporter construct, in an appropriate package. In specific embodiments, the kit contains instructions for use.

6. EXAMPLE

This example describes the identification of host cell proteins that reduce or inhibit the replication of influenza virus. In particular, this example describes a genome-wide RNAi screen for siRNAs that inhibit host factors required for influenza virus replication in human cells, establishes particular classes of host proteins required for influenza virus replication, and demonstrates that siRNA and small molecule inhibition of these classes of proteins reduces influenza virus replication. See Konig et al., Nature, 2010, 463(7282):813-817, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety

6.1 Methods

Renilla Luciferase Influenza Virus.

The coding region for the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein was replaced with that of Renilla luciferase and the packaging signals for the HA segment were incorporated, as previously described (Marsh et al., 2007). The recombinant WSN-Ren virus was generated by reverse genetics in the presence of complementing HA and amplified in HA-expressing MDCK cells (Marsh et al., 2007).

Genome-Wide RNAi Screen.

Genome-wide libraries comprising 98,737 synthetic siRNAs targeting 19,628 unique human genes were arrayed in 384-well plates (7 ng/siRNA) such that each well contained either two (47,560 wells) or one (3,617 wells) unique and identifiable siRNA per gene. The library matrix was introduced into A549 cells through a high throughput transfection process (Chanda et al., 2003; Aza-Blanc et al., 2003) and after 48 h the cells were infected with WSN-Ren virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.5. EnduRen Live Cell substrate (Promega) was added after 5 hours and relative luminescence for each well was analyzed on a plate reader (Viewlux) at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h after infection. For the toxicity screen Cell-titer-glo (Promega) reagent was added 72 h after siRNA transfection. The screens were run minimally in duplicate and analyzed using a scaling methodology that sets the positive control siRNA at an arbitrary value of 0.1, and the negative control siRNAs at 1.

Additional Information on RNAi Screen.

A 384-well plate-based assay was optimized to identify siRNAs that influence infection of human A549 cells by WSN-Ren virus. A toxicity assay was optimized to identify siRNAs that influence cell viability. The optimal ratio of the effect of the positive control siRNA (siRenilla (Ambion, AM4630) for the viral screen and siRPS27a (5′-AAGCUGGAAGAUGGACGUACU-3′) to that of two negative control siRNA (scramble177 5′-GGTAATTGCGCGTGCAACT-3′ and scramble5701 5′-GCCGCTTAGTAGTCTCGTA-3′) were used to optimize the assay conditions.

Genome-wide libraries comprising 98,737 synthetic siRNAs targeting 19,628 unique human genes in total were arrayed in 384-well plates (7 ng/siRNA) such that each well contained either two (47,560 wells) or one (3617 wells) unique and identifiable siRNA per gene). On average, there were 3 wells/gene or 6 siRNAs/gene. Each plate also contained the positive and the negative control siRNAs as indicated above. The library matrix was introduced into A549 cells through a high throughput transfection process (Chanda et al., 2003; Aza-Blanc et al., 2003). 1 pmol siRNA was incubated at RT for 20 min with 50 nl RNAimax in 20 ul Optimem/well and then transfected into 1500 A549 cells in 10 ul DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics. For the viral screen, after 48 h, the cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.5 in 10 ul serum-free DMEM containing 0.875 ug/ml final concentration Trypsin (Sigma). After 5 hours, EnduRen Life Cell substrate (Promega) was added at a final concentration of 10 uM in 10 ul serum-free DMEM. Relative luminescence for each well was analyzed on a 384-well plate reader (Viewlux) at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h after infection. The screen was run twice (in independent experiments) to generate duplicate results and statistically analyzed as described below. All steps were performed using a fully integrated high-throughput cellular genomics robotic system (GNF Systems; www.gnfsystems.com).

To enable consistent comparison between assays, a scaling methodology was developed that sets the positive control (siRNA against luciferase) at an arbitrary value of 0.1, and the negative control siRNAs at 1. Luciferase activities of siRNAs targeting host factors are assigned a score based on the distribution of these values.

siRNAs targeting host factors were assigned a score based on the distribution of these values.

siRNA Libraries.

The following commercially available siRNA libraries were used in this study: the whole-genome library from Qiagen (Druggable Set version 2 (approx. 7000 genes targeted by ˜28000 siRNA constructs), NM Set version 1 (approx. 10000 genes targeted by ˜42000 constructs) and XM Set version 1 (approx. 5300 genes targeted by ˜21000 constructs), the kinome library from Invitrogen (1287 siRNAs targeting 636 genes) and the kinome library from IDT (2176 siRNAs targeting 542 genes). In addition, druggable genome library version 1 from Qiagen, which is no longer commercially available, was used (approx. 5000 genes targeted by ˜10000 siRNAs). All target influenza virus host proteins can be found in Table 3.

Bioinformatic Analysis of Screening Data

siRNA Screening Data Analyses.

Screening data were normalized as previously described (Konig et al., 2007). The activity score for each gene in an assay was taken from the most potent siRNA per gene. Each screen was then analyzed using a Redundant siRNA Analysis (RSA) algorithm (Konig et al., 2007) and a p-value was assigned to each gene in a screen. The RSA p-value represents the likelihood of the corresponding siRNA signal distribution to be generated by chance, i.e., the smaller the p-value, the higher the expected confirmation rate (Konig et al., 2007). The minimum score of a gene among the 12 h-, 24 h-, and 36 h-A549 assays was chosen as the A549 activity score for the gene. With a hit criterion of an activity score <0.4, 1936 genes were defined as primary hits for the A549 influenza virus screen.

Ontology-Based Pattern Identification Analysis of siRNA Profiles.

For all genes screened, a data matrix was constructed based on inhibition across several biological assays: three A549 assays were screened at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h. Ontology-based Pattern Identification (OPI) is an algorithm that has been previously successfully applied to either predict gene functions based on their expression patterns Zhou et al., 2005; Young et al., 2005), or prioritize genes based on their phenotypic patterns (Rines et al., 2008). Here the algorithm was applied to identify gene clusters that not only share similar inhibition patterns, but also show statistical enrichment in certain functional categories. OPI clustering analysis on the 1449 genes resulted in 163 statistically significant clusters with permutation-based p-values ≦0.05 and cluster size ≦500. Therefore, genes that fall into any statistically significant OPI cluster were assigned a supporting score of 0.5. Additionally, a false discovery rate (FDR) analysis was conducted for each cluster, and those that fell below 0.5 were assigned a supporting score of 1.0, to reflect this additional stringency.

Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis.

P-values of functional enrichment analyses using accumulated hypergeometric distribution (Zhou et al, 2005) were calculated on the primary hit lists. All gene members of GO groups with p-values less than 10⁻¹⁰ were considered to provide support for each other. See Table 3.

Reconfirmation Screens

siRNAs for reconfirmation of 624 genes were individually re-arrayed such that each well of a 384-well plate contained a single siRNA (7 ng). 43 scrambled negative controls (Konig et al., 2007) were added to each plate in quadruplicate in addition to 3 commercially available controls (negative control GL2-Luciferase (Dhannacon), All-Star Negative Control (Qiagen) and Negative Control siRNA (Qiagen)) and the respective positive controls. The influenza virus infection assay was rerun as previously described. Additionally a parallel assay was run to assess potential cellular toxicity induced by the siRNA through addition of CellTiterGlo (Promega) detection reagent 72 hours after transfection. Each siRNA was screened a minimum of three times for each readout, in at least two independent assay runs.

The results from the influenza virus infection assay were analyzed such that an siRNA was considered to be confirmed only if the median signal of all readings was below 0.65 (−35% reduction). A gene was considered a true positive if there were at least two independent siRNAs confirmed based on this criterion, and that it met the toxicity criterion as described below.

Toxicity Filtering Strategy.

For the toxic control siRNA-siRPS27a, titration data series were measured for both infectivity assays and toxicity assays in 5 replicates. To estimate experimental noise level, each data series was curve-fitted using the standard sigmoidal model as defined:

$\begin{matrix} {{score} = {{bottom} + \frac{{top} - {bottom}}{1 + \left( \frac{{IC}_{50}}{concentration} \right)^{slope}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

where bottom is reflected by a score of approximately 0, while top is reflected by the approximate score of 1. IC₅₀ is the siRNA concentration corresponding to the score representing 50% inhibition (around score 0.5), slope is a negative value representing Hill slope, score is the measured normalized activity value. Both data points and curve parameters were then linearly transformed so that all curves sit at a bottom value of 0 and a top value of 1. From the residue of the curve fitting, the intrinsic data noise in the experiment can be estimated as ε_(T) and ε_(l) for the toxicity assay and the infectivity assay, respectively.

The five infectivity curves and five toxicity curves form 25 unbiased toxicity-infectivity (T-I) relationship pairs, i.e.,

$\begin{matrix} {{{Toxicity}(c)} = {\frac{1}{1 + \left( \frac{{TOX}_{50}}{c} \right)^{{TOX}\mspace{14mu} {slope}}} + ɛ_{T}}} & (2) \\ {{{Infectivity}(c)} = {\frac{1}{1 + \left( \frac{{INF}_{50}}{c} \right)^{{INF}\mspace{14mu} {slope}}} + ɛ_{I}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

With increasing concentration of siRNA (zero to infinity), c, a series of infectivity and toxicity scores were determined. The boundary represents the average infectivity score for any given toxicity score, if the siRNA is toxic.

The next step was to establish the infectivity confidence threshold for any given toxicity score, so that the boundary is below 95% of the possible infectivity scores produced by a random toxic siRNA. If an siRNA of interest produces an infectivity score below the established threshold (lower score means higher activity), the false positive p-value is below 0.05. This can be simulated by using the Gaussian noise term ε_(T) and ε_(l) in equation (2) and (3).

More specifically, for any given observed toxicity score T between 0 and 1, at the incremental size of 0.01, we generated 1000 true toxicity scores based on the Bayesian probability of their occurrence, simulated based on equation (2). Each simulated true toxicity score then led to a true concentration c, and resulted in 1000 infectivity scores/according to equation (3). The 95 percentiles of the 1,000,000 simulated infectivity scores for each given observed toxicity score are used to construct the decision boundary.

FIG. 4 shows the decision boundary as a curve. When an siRNA falls into the region above the boundary, its effect on infectivity is unlikely to be caused by toxicity (p<0.05). When a toxicity score is <0.34, the infectivity score of an siRNA is highly likely to be affected by its toxicity, indicated by the flat horizontal line segment in the upper right corner of the plot. As toxicity scores get larger (weak toxicity) and the corresponding infectivity score is sufficiently low (above the curve), the effect of the siRNA on infectivity is most likely to be true. That the T-I data points from our positive control siRenilla (lighter gray dots) had most data points above the decision boundary was also verified, showing that the siRNA is a true hit, while toxic controls (darker gray dots for siRPS27a) fall below the decision boundary. The non-toxic negative control scrambled siRNA fell mostly below the decision boundary. Although some controls slightly cross the boundary at the high infectivity score end (weak infectivity and toxicity), they all fall into a region where infectivity score >0.6, which means that these siRNAs would not be hit picked and therefore do not introduce decision errors.

Selection for Hit Criteria.

The criteria for selection at each stage of the screen progress are as follows (FIG. 2 a): (i) Genome-wide analysis was followed by bioinformatics analysis (see Methods), followed by reconfirmation analysis. After reconfirmation analysis, genes with at least 2 siRNAs that resulted in a 35% (˜2 SD) or greater decrease in influenza virus reporter activity, without concomitant induction of cytotoxicity, were selected. (ii) WT influenza virus multi-cycle growth analyzed by hemagglutination assay: >4 fold reduction of wild-type influenza virus multi-cycle growth using at least 2 siRNAs targeting the same gene. (iii) Viral gene expression analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR of NP and M1 influenza protein: transfection of 1 or more siRNAs per gene resulting in a 35% or greater decrease in influenza virus NP and M1 RNA transcription. (iv) Functional assays employed to characterize several of the host factors (validated in the HA-assay) in entry and post-entry steps of virus replication include: pseudotyped particle entry assay (pH-dependent/-independent), Bla-M1 influenza VLP entry assay, NP localization at 90 and 180 min post-infection and influenza mini-genome replication assay (as described infra). Of the 45 factors tested in functional assays, 12 did not meet the criteria for classification.

Cells and Viruses.

A549 cells, 293T cells, Vero cells and MDCK cells were maintained in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium containing antibiotics and 10% fetal bovine serum at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Generation of and maintenance of MDCK cells expressing the HA protein of influenza A/WSN/33 virus was described previously (Marsh et al., 2007).

Influenza A virus A/WSN/33 and swine origin influenza A/Netherlands/602/2009 virus (SOIV) were grown in MDCK cells. Virus stocks were titered by plaque assay on MDCK cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was grown and titered in Vero cells. The WSN-Ren virus was grown and titered in MDCK-HA cells.

siRNA Transfections of A549 Cells.

A549 cells (passage 2-15) were transfected with siRNAs at a concentration of 30 nM in a reverse transfection procedure using RNAiMAX (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Knockdown was allowed to proceed for 48 h before cells were infected or tested in functional assays.

Inhibition of Virus Growth.

siRNA-transfected A549 cells were infected with either influenza A/WSN/33 virus or VSV (M01 of 0.01) or swine origin influenza A/Netherlands/602/2009 virus (SOIV) (MOI of 1) at 48 h post siRNA transfection. At 36 h post infection supernatants were harvested and virus titers were determined by plaque assay on MDCK cells (for A/WSN/33 and A/Netherlands/602/2009) or on Vero cells for VSV.

Screen for Inhibition of WT Influenza Virus Growth.

A549 cells were transfected with siRNAs as described above. At 48 h post transfection cells were infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01. At 36 h post infection supernatants were harvested and titered by hemagglutination assay (HA assay). In brief, two-fold serial dilutions of the supernatant were incubated with chicken red blood cells at a final concentration of 0.25% for 60 min on ice. For each gene at least two different siRNAs were tested individually and the gene was called a required host factor if there was a difference of at least four-fold in hemagglutination titer for two or more siRNAs. Values for WSN WT in FIGS. 2 b and 3 a represent the mean of 2 replicates.

Quantitative RT-PCR.

A549 cells were reverse transfected with siRNAs using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX reagent (Invitrogen) in 96 well plates. Briefly, 2 pmol siRNAs were diluted in 20 ul of Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) and mixed with 200 nl of Lipofectamine RNAiMAX with 20 ul Opti-MEM for 20 min. A549 cells (2×10⁵ cells/ml) in 60 ul DMEM containing 10% FBS were added to each well. 48 h after transfection, influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (M01=0.5) and TPCK trypsin (50 ng; 0.9 ug/ml final) in 10 ul of DMEM were added to cells. 8 h after infection, RNA samples were isolated using RNeasy 96 Total RNA Isolation kit (Qiagen).

For cDNA synthesis, QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen) was used in accordance to the manufacturer's protocol.

Real-time PCR was performed using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) with the primer sequences described below. IFNb: sense primer sequence 5′-TGACATCCCTGAGGAGATTAAGC-3′ and antisense primer sequence 5′-CTGGAGCATCTCATAGATGGTCAAT-3′. PR8NP: sense primer sequence 5′-TGGCATTCCAATTTGAATGAT-3′ and antisense primer sequence 5′-ATCCATTCCGGTGCGAACAAG-3′. PR8 M1: sense primer sequence 5′-CCGTCGCTTTAAATACGGACT-3′ and antisense primer sequence 5′-AGCACTCTGCTGTTCCTTTCG-3′. GAPDH was selected as the endogenous control gene and was amplified using sense primer sequence 5′-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3′ and antisense primer sequence 5′-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3′. Primers for analyzing knock-down efficiency of siRNA treatment are shown in Table 2.

cDNA samples were amplified under standard thermal cycler protocol (50° C. for 2 minutes, 95° C. for 10 minutes, and 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15 seconds and 60° C. for 1 minute). Relative expression level was calculated using the endogenous control GAPDH. Fold changes were calculated against the median of negative control siRNAs, scramble 177 (5′-GGTAATTGCGCGTGCAACT-3′), 1212 (5′-ATCCGCGCGATAGTACGTA-3′), 6105 (5′-GTAAGCTCGTGCGACGTAT-3′), siGL2 (Dharmacon), siGL3 (Dharmacon) and siGFP-22 (Qiagen). Each value for relative expression levels in Tables 7 and 8 and FIGS. 2 b and 3 a represent the average of at least two independent results. The relative expression levels in Table 11 are comprised of the average of four replicates.

Entry Assays.

Pseudoparticles bearing different viral envelopes were used to elucidate genes involved in influenza virus entry. Specifically, siRNA-transfected A549 cells were incubated with an appropriate dilution of different pseudoparticles for one hour. The inoculum was removed, medium was added back and cells were incubated for 36 h. Entry efficiency was measured as the amount of luciferase secreted into the supernatant (Renilla Luciferase Assay System, Promega, Madison, Wis.). A gene was considered a hit in the pseudoparticle assay if one siRNA reduced luciferase signal by at least 65% compared to a scrambled control siRNA and a second siRNA resulted in a reduction of at least 50%. Pseudoparticles were generated by transfecting 293T cells with plasmids encoding (i) a minimal HIV provirus encoding the Gaussia luciferase reporter gene, (ii) HIV gag-pol, and (iii) a viral envelope protein (WSN-HA/NA, VSV-G or MMLV env) using FuGENE6 (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis). Each data point in FIG. 2 b and FIG. 3 a represents the mean of at least 3 replicates.

The beta-lactamase-M1 (Bla-M1) virus-like particle (VLP) assay was performed as follows: Bla-M1 VLPs contain WSN HA, NA, and a Bla-M1 fusion protein, which is packaged as a structural component into the VLP and released upon fusion with the target cell. siRNA-transfected A549 cells were incubated with the Bla-M1 VLPs and centrifuged at 1.5 k rpm, for 90 min at 4° C. The cells were then transferred to 37° C. and incubated an additional 3-4 h. To detect beta-lactamase activity by flow cytometry, cells were detached and loaded with CCF2-AM substrate (Invitrogen). Flow cytometry was performed at the Mount Sinai Flow Cytometry Shared Resource Facility on an LSRII flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, Miami, Fla.). Samples were gated on live cells and analyzed for their cleavage of CCF2 using FlowJo 8.5.2 software.

Influenza Mini-Genome Assay.

For the minigenome assay, 293T cells were transfected with siRNAs as described for A549 cells. At 48 h post transfection, cells were transfected with plasmids encoding the three polymerase subunits and the nucleoprotein of influenza virus A/WSN/33, the reporter construct pPOLI-Luc-RT, encoding firefly luciferase in the negative-sense orientation flanked by the noncoding regions of segment 8 of strain A/WSN/33 (Stertz et al., 2007) as well as the control reporter plasmid pRL-SV40-R/uc (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The amounts of polymerase encoding plasmids were titrated to achieve 50% of the system's maximum activity. At 36 h post transfection reporter activity was determined using the Dual-Glo Luciferase Assays system (Promega, Madison, Wis.). Each data point in FIG. 3 c represents the mean of at least 6 replicates.

Immunofluorescence.

At 48 h post transfection siRNA-treated A549 cells were pre-chilled for 15 min on ice, washed with cold PBS and then infected with influenza virus A/WSN/33 at an MOI of 10 for 45 min on ice to synchronize the infection. Unbound virus was removed by three washes with cold PBS. Pre-warmed medium was added and cells were incubated at 37° C. At different time points post infection cells were fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature (RT) and subsequently permeabilized with 0.5% Triton-X-100 for 5 min at RT. Immunofluorescence staining was performed using the mouse monoclonal antibody HT103 against influenza A virus nucleoprotein (O'Neill et al., 1998) as a primary antibody and a donkey anti-mouse Alexa 488 secondary antibody (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). In addition, nuclei were stained with DAPI (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed at the MSSM-Microscopy Shared Resource Facility.

Immunofluorescence of EEA1 and Influenza Virus Particles.

A549 cells on cover slips were reverse transfected with 30 nM ATP6V0C siRNA or 5757 negative control siRNA (5′-GGTGCTCAGTCGCAATAGT-3′). 48 h post transfection, WSN virus was added to the cells at an MOI of 1 for 20 mins. The cells were then fixed with 4% PFA in PBS. WSN-HA was stained with a mouse monoclonal antibody; 2G9D1 (Palese lab, MSSM) and Cy3 conjugated secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch). Early endosomes were stained with a rabbit polyclonal EEA1 antibody (Abcam) and Cy5 conjugated secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch). DNA was stained with DAPI. The cover slips were imaged at 100× magnification and z stacks were collected using an Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope. The total number of HA positive virions in a single cell were manually counted.

High Content Imaging.

The high-content imaging-based analysis was performed using the Opera (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, Mass.), a fully automated confocal microscope system. 384-well plates containing cells transfected with various siRNAs were exposed to the virus (MOI=5) and fixed at three different time points (T=0′, T=90′ and T=180′). After immunofluorescence labeling (as previously described), cells were imaged using a 20× 0.7NA Water immersion lens (Olympus, Japan). A total of 10-11 images for both the nuclear stain (Hoechst) and the Alexa488 labeled WSN-NP were taken in each well.

Cellular features were then extracted from the images using a custom Acapella script (Perkin-Elmer), and the median value for each of these features was calculated to provide a well-level feature set. The ratio of nuclear versus cytoplasmic WSN-NP intensity (Nuc/Cyto ratio) was determined. The mean value and the standard deviation was calculated for each siRNA and each time point. The non-targeting siRNAs for which Nuc/Cyto ratio was four standard deviations away from the mean were discarded as outliers. A Welch TTest was then performed between each siRNA and non-targeting siRNAs. The siRNAs with pValue<0.01 and at least a 15% difference in signal from controls were selected as relevant and imaged again with the Opera this time using a 40×0.9NA water immersion lens (Olympus). Representative images were selected from the 10 images collected in the different controls (FIG. 9). Data shown in FIG. 3 a were generated by background subtraction of all values using the scrambled negative control measurements at 0′ as a baseline (negative values were set to 0.001), and then scaled such that the negative control 180′ value equaled 1.

Small Molecule Inhibitors.

HSP90 Inhibitor, CCT018159 (Calbiochem), Podophyllotoxin (MP Biomedicals), FGFNEGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (Calbiochem, 341607), Sirolimus (LC Laboratories), Hymenialdisine (Biomol International LP), Betulinic Acid (VWR International (Enzo Life Sciences Intl)), were dissolved in their respective diluent DMSO or ethanol (for Podophyllotoxin) and titrated in DMSO starting from 100 uM. Inhibition of WSN-Ren virus growth in MDCK-HA cells was determined by Renilla luciferase activity at 36 h post infection (or 24 h post infection for Sirolimus). Cellular toxicity was determined by CellTiterGlo assay (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.).

Diphyllin was identified in a high-throughput screen of small molecular weight compounds as having influenza virus inhibitory activity. The screen assay was described previously (Hoffmann et al., 2008) and diphyllin was identified from a library supplied by ChemDiv (San Diego, Calif.). The screen was performed at the National Screening Laboratory for the Regional Centers of Excellence in Biodefense (NSRB), Harvard Medical School, Boston.

Diphyllin and KN-93 were purchased from Sigma and Calbiochem, respectively and dissolved in DMSO. Cellular toxicity was determined by the CellTiterGlo assay (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.) and inhibition of virus growth was determined by standard plaque assay.

Interferon Bioassay.

48 hours after transfection of siRNAs, A549 cells were either mock treated or infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (MOI=3). Control samples were also infected with a recombinant PR/8/34 virus expressing a truncated NS1 protein (residues 1-113), as a positive control for IFN induction. After 1 hour of adsorption, DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serum was added, and the cells incubated for 18 hours at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Levels of interferon secreted by the cells were determined as previously described (Donelan et al., 2003) with some variations. At 18 hours post infection, supernatants were harvested and virus present in the supernatant was UV inactivated by placing the 96-well plate in a UV chamber delivering 200 J/cm². 2-fold dilutions of the inactivated supernatants were added to Vero cells previously seeded in 96-well plates. Following a 24 h incubation the Vero cells were infected with a GFP-expressing Newcastle disease virus (NDV-GFP) (Park et al., 2003). Cells expressing GFP were visualized 24 h post infection by fluorescence microscopy. Each image was analyzed with the software ImageJ (NIH) and the Mean Fluorescence Value per unit area of each image was calculated.

Inhibition of Virus Growth.

iRNA-transfected A549 cells were infected with either influenza A/WSN/33 virus or VSV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01 or swine origin influenza A/Netherlands/602/2009 virus (SOW) at an MOI of 1 at 48 h post siRNA transfection. At 36 h post infection supernatants were harvested and virus titers were determined by plaque assay on MDCK cells (for A/WSN/33 and A/Netherlands/602/2009) or on Vero cells for VSV. Each sample in FIG. 3 e is represented by at least 3 replicates.

6.2 Results

A genome-wide RNAi screen with human lung epithelial (A549) cells was performed in order to characterize host cell factors involved in influenza virus replication in human cells. To facilitate the readout for the high-throughput screen, the coding region for the influenza A/WSN/33 virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein was replaced with that of Renilla luciferase (FIG. 1 a) (Marsh et al., 2007). As no HA is produced, this recombinant virus cannot complete its replication cycle. Thus the RNAi screen focused on the cellular requirements for viral entry, uncoating, nuclear import, and viral RNA transcription/translation, but was not expected to identify factors involved in virus assembly, budding or release.

An arrayed siRNA library targeting over 19,000 human genes was employed to transfect human A549 cells (FIG. 1 b). These cells were infected with the modified influenza virus (WSN-Ren), and luciferase readings were taken after 12, 24, and 36 h. Data from two independent screens were analyzed using a Redundant siRNA Activity (RSA) and ontology-based analyses (see Methods supra; Konig et al., 2007). Using these methodologies, 295 cellular genes for which at least 2 siRNAs reduced viral infection by 35% or greater (7-2 standard deviations from mean of negative controls), without a concomitant induction of significant cellular toxicity (FIG. 4 and Table 3), were confirmed. The majority of the factors identified through this analysis represent host genes that have not previously been implicated in mediating influenza virus replication.

Analysis of over-represented biological annotations identified over 170 statistically enriched categories (Table 4), which fell into 11 broadly related functional groups (FIG. 5). Signaling molecules, including those involved in the PI3K/AKT pathway, molecules that function to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, and proteins involved in ubiquitination, phosphatase, and protease activities were overrepresented amongst the 295 factors, underscoring the importance of these cellular functions during influenza virus infection (Tables 5 and 6). Consistent with these observations, small molecule inhibition of two identified AKT pathway regulators, mTOR (FRAP1) and HSP90AA1, as well as microtubule assembly (TUBB), were found to result in a dose-dependent inhibition of influenza virus replication (FIG. 6) (Sato et al., 2000; Sarbassov et al., 2005).

To verify that the genes identified through the use of the reporter virus reflect the requirements in the context of a wild-type (WT) virus infection, 219 of 295 identified genes were confirmed to inhibit multi-cycle replication of WT WSN virus with at least two siRNAs per gene. Furthermore, 76% of the remaining genes had one siRNA that inhibited WT influenza replication, indicating a high confirmation rate (FIG. 2 a, Table 7). For a subset of these genes additional assays were undertaken to confirm that depletion of these genes resulted in reduced viral gene expression (FIG. 2 a, Table 7), and also to ensure that inhibition of viral replication was not being triggered by a non-specific siRNA-mediated induction of an antiviral state (Table 8).

Next, to identify factors specifically involved in virus entry steps, 45 of the top-scoring genes in the WT WSN assay were selected to be tested in a pseudotyped particle (PP) entry assay, designed to identify host factors that impede low-pH-dependent entry mediated specifically by influenza virus HA (WSN) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G protein, while not affecting pH-independent entry promoted by the murine leukemia virus (MMLV) envelope (Env) (Beer et al., 2005; McClure et al., 1990). WSN-PP infection was reduced in the presence of siRNAs targeting 23 of these genes, including CD81, FGFR4, GSK3B, MAP2K3 and the v-ATPase subunit ATP6V0C (FIGS. 2 a, 2 b, and 7 a-c; Table 9). These genes were also required for efficient VSV-G-PP (but not MMLV-PP) infection, suggesting a role in low-pH-dependent virus entry. Importantly, small molecule inhibitors of FGFR4, GSK3B, and v-ATPase activities attenuated replication of WSN virus, further highlighting their importance in influenza virus infection (FIGS. 6 and 8 a-e).

The COPI coat complex is made up of seven subunits. COPI association with endosomes is pH-dependent and coatomer complex is required for the formation of intermediate transport vesicles between the early and late endosomes (Whitney et al., 1995; Aniento et al., 1996). Consistent with this role, depletion of COPG and ARCN1 both blocked WSN-PP infection (FIG. 2 b). The requirement for ARCN1 during the influenza virus entry step was further demonstrated using a more direct virus-like particle (VLP) assay (FIG. 2 c) (Tscherne et al.), as well as immunolocalization studies (FIG. 2 d).

To evaluate those factors involved in influenza virus replication but not influenza virus entry, the localization of the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) in siRNA-depleted cells after infection with influenza A/WSN/33 virus was monitored (FIGS. 3 a and 9). In comparison to controls, cells depleted of CSE1L, PRSS35, F13A1, SF3A1, CAMK2B, KPNB1, and PPP1R14D showed a significant decrease (p<0.01) of nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios of NP protein at 180 min. With the exception of F13A1, depleting these factors did not inhibit entry by WSN pseudotyped virus or β-lactamase (Bla)-M1 VLPs (FIG. 3 a), confirming their role in post-entry steps of influenza virus infection. Depletion of CSE1L, PRSS35, and F13A1 also led to a statistically significant (p<0.02) reduction of nuclear to cytoplasmic NP ratios at 90 minutes post-infection, suggesting that they are involved in early post-entry steps, such as viral uncoating or nuclear import of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs; see also FIG. 10). Consistent with a role in nuclear trafficking, imaging at higher resolution confirmed that RNAi-mediated inhibition of CSE1L, but not CAMK2B or KPNB1, results in a decrease in nuclear vRNPs typically seen 90 min after infection with influenza virus (FIG. 3 b) (Kutay et al., 1997). Furthermore, CSE1L specifically inhibited influenza virus gene expression in a mini-genome replicon assay, indicating that CSE1L activity is required for the nuclear import of vRNPs as well as newly synthesized viral proteins (FIG. 3 c; Table 10).

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II beta (CAMK2B) is a ubiquitously expressed calcium sensor that regulates diverse cellular functions, including actin cytoskeletal regulation and CREB-dependent transcription (Colbran et al., 2004). The data presented here implicate this kinase in the regulation of influenza viral RNA transcription as siRNA-knockdown of the kinase had an effect on expression of an influenza mini-genome (FIG. 3 c), but did not delay nuclear accumulation of vRNPs at 90 min post-infection (FIG. 3 b). A specific inhibitor of CAMK2B, KN-93, was also shown to inhibit influenza virus growth (FIGS. 3 d and 11) (Sumi et al., 1991).

Finally, the requirements for twelve identified host cellular factors in the replication of a swine-origin influenza virus (SOIV) isolate from the 2009 pandemic (A/Netherlands/602/2009 (H1N1)) in comparison with influenza A/WSN/33 virus and VSV was assessed. Viral growth in siRNA-treated A549 cells revealed that all these proteins are required for both SOIV and WSN replication but none of these factors, with the exception of the vATPase and COPI factors, inhibited VSV replication (FIGS. 3 e and 12; Table 11).

6.3 Discussion

Influenza A virus is an RNA virus that encodes up to eleven proteins and this small coding capacity demands that the virus utilize the host cellular machinery for many aspects of its life cycle (Palese & Shaw, 2007). Here genome-wide RNAi screening using an siRNA library was employed to identify 295 human host cell factors required for early-stage influenza virus replication. Within this group, those involved in kinase-regulated signaling, ubiquitination and phosphatase activity are the most highly enriched. Moreover, 219 of the 295 factors were confirmed to be required for efficient wild-type influenza virus growth and further analysis of a subset of genes revealed 23 factors necessary for viral entry, including members of the vacuolar ATPase (vATPase) and COPI-protein families, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-beta. Additionally, 10 proteins were confirmed to be involved in post-entry steps of influenza virus replication. These include nuclear import components, proteases, and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II beta (CAMK2B). Growth of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus was also found to be dependent on the identified host factors. Small molecule inhibitors of several of the identified human host cell factors, including vATPase and CAMK2B, were also found to antagonize influenza virus replication.

This genome-wide analysis of influenza virus host factor requirements has revealed a number of cellular proteins and biological pathways previously unknown to be involved in the influenza virus life cycle. These include the identification of COPI complex, FGFR, GSK3B, CAMK2B, PRSS35, and others. This study focused on host factors that regulate the early steps of influenza virus replication and provided new insight into the host-pathogen interactions that orchestrate the viral replication cycle and novel targets for the development of host factor-directed antiviral therapies.

7. TABLES AND TABLE LEGENDS

TABLE 1 Nucleobases are represented by their one-letter code, i.e., adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymidine (T), and uracil (U) CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA ATGGAGGTTGATGGTAAGGTA ACCATGTTACCCTGTAATTAA CACGGTTAATGAAGTCTGCTA CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA CATGGCAATTGTCATTAGCAA TCCTAGTGTTTGTGAAATAAA CACAGTGACATTCAAGTTCAT TAGCAAATGCTCCCTCCTTAA CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA CAAATGAACTTGTAAACCTAA CAAGGAGAGATGGGACACTAA GCUGGAGCUAUGGUCAGUU CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA GUGACACAGCUACCAAUUC AACCAGTGACACAGCTACCAA TCGGTTATATTTGCCAAGATA CAAGAACTCTTTGACATCTAA CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA CCCGGAGATGATCCCAACAAA CACCATAGAATCTCACACCAA CAGAGAGATACTCGCAGGCAA CAGCAGCTGATCATGGATGAA CAGGATAAGACGGAATGGAAA CGCAAGGATTATGATCCCAAA CCGAGCCACCTTCTACCTAAA AGGCCCGTGTATTTAATGAAA CAGAGGATCTTTCCAACCACA CCAGTGAATTCTGGTGGCAAA GAGCCTGAGATTGACCTGGAA CAGGAGCTCTTCCAGGATCAA CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA TACGGCTAACAGAGACCTGAA CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA AGCCATCATACGAGATCTTAA ATGATTGGCAATGACAAACAA AACCGGATTGCCATTTATGAA TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA CCGCATCACCTCCGCGTACTA CACGGACGGACAGAAGCCCAA CCGCCTGTTTGGGTTAACAAA CAGGATTACACTGAAAGTAAT CACGAAGAACTAAGAATATTA CAGCAATTACATTAAATTCAA CCGGAAGGAGTACTCCCAGAA AGCCATTTACTTGCACCGGAA TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA CCCGATGACAATAGTGATGAT CAGCATTGTCCTGCAGCTGAA AAAGGAGATCGAGGAGAGAAA CAGGGAGCACTATGAAAGGAA CCACGAAAUCGCCCAUCAU CACATGGTACCTGGATTCAGA CCGGCCTTGACCGGAGGAGAA GGAGACCUUCAACCUCUAU UACCUGUGGCAUCACCAAG CGCGTTCATAACTGTCCTCAA CACCTTCTATGTAGGCATCTA AAGGAACATCAGGCATGCTAA CCCATCTGACAAGGGAAATTA CGGAGGAGCGTTGCCATTCAA CTGGCGGACTTCCAGATCGAA ACCACGGAAGTCGAGAATTAA CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA CACGGATTTAGTCCCACCCTA GAGGAGCGATGTGATGAATAA CCCGCGGATCTACGTGGGCAA CCGTATTTACTTAACAAGATT CACAGTTATTACTGCAGTGAA AAGACAGTCTTTAAAGTGTAA CCCUCUCAACCUCACUCUU CTGGATTGACTTTGCTGTCAA GCUUCAUCGAGCAGCAGUU CAAGACAGAGATGGACCGCAA GGUCCUUUUGGCCAGAUCU TGGGTAGAAGTCACTATATAA TTGATGTGTTTCAACAGCCTA TACTGCATTCTCAATTAGAAA CTGTCTTTAAGTAGGGATAAA AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA

TABLE 2 Sense or gene name antisense primer primer sequence 5′-3′ ARCN sense GGGGTGCTAAAGTGGAGACTAC ARCN antisense CACAGCCATTTCCACTCTCC ATP6VOC sense CCCGAGTATGCTTCGTTTTTCG ATP6VOC antisense CATGACCACTGGGATGATGGA CD81 sense TTCCACGAGACGCTTGACTG CD81 antisense CTTCCCGGAGAAGAGGTCATC CSE1L sense CAGAACACGCTGACAAGTATCT CSE1L antisense AGCCCTGCGTCTAGTATCAATA FGFR4v1 sense AGGCCTCTGAGGAAGTGGA FGFR4v1 antisense CTGCCCAAGGGCTACTGTC GABBR1 sense CCCGACTTCCATCTGGTG GABBR1 antisense GTGGCGTTCGATTCACCT GSK3B sense ATTTCCAGGGGATAGTGGTGT GSK3B antisense GGTCGGAAGACCTTAGTCCAAG MAP2K3 sense GGAGGCTGATGACTTGGTGAC MAP2K3 antisense CTGCTCCTGTGAGTTCACGG PRSS35 sense CCCTGGGTGGACCCTCATT PRSS35 antisense CATTCGATGCCACACACTGTAT MID1IP1 sense ACAGCCACTACGTGCTTCTC MID1IP1 antisense CTTTGCGCGTGAGTTTCGAG SUMO2 sense GAAAGCCTATTGTGAACGACAGT SUMO2 antisense TCTGCTGTTGGAACACATCAA CAMK2B sense CCTACGCGAAAATCTGTGACC CAMK2B antisense TGGAAGTCCATCCCTTCAACC

TABLE 3 Scores of 295 confirmed genes required for influenza virus replication. target Avg Score Avg Score geneID symbol Description GenbankID sequence Avg Score 12 h 24 h 36 h 70 ACTC1 actin, NM_005159 TCCTAG 0.347406 0.654357 0.723359 alpha, CACCAT cardiac GAAGAT muscle 1 TAA 70 ACTC1 actin, NM_005159 CTGATC 0.773109 0.753557 0.63823 alpha, GTATGC cardiac AGAAGG muscle 1 AAA 92 ACVR2A activin A NM_001616 TCCACG 1.060619 0.789506 0.495063 receptor, GTTGCT type IIA AAATTA TAA 92 ACVR2A activin A NM_001616 ACCAAT 0.770721 0.631887 0.57984 receptor, CAAACT type IIA GGTGTT GAA 147 ADRA1B adrenergic, NM_000679 CCCUUC 0.94438 0.614155 0.305548 alpha- UAUGCC 1B-, CUCUUCU receptor 147 ADRA1B adrenergic, NM_000679 GCUAAG 0.632903 0.844488 1.005673 alpha- ACGUUG 1B-, GGCAUUG receptor 157 ADRBK2 adrenergic, NM_005160 CAAGTG 0.325952 0.417845 0.453045 beta, TATGGG receptor ATTAAC kinase 2 TAA 157 ADRBK2 adrenergic, NM_005160 GGAGAC 0.905301 0.670602 0.536821 beta, UGUCCU receptor UUCAUUG kinase 2 207 AKT1 v-akt NM_001014432 /5 Phos/rCr 0.529835 0.474022 0.350932 murine GrUrGrAr thymoma CrCrArUr viral GrArArCr oncogene GrArGrUr homolog 1 UrUrGrAr GrUAC 207 AKT1 v-akt NM_005163 UCACAC 0.591034 0.853611 0.800257 murine CACCUG thymoma ACCAAGA viral oncogene homolog 1 290 ANPEP alanyl NM_001150 CACCAC 0.622428 0.458612 0.255443 (membrane) CTTGGA aminopeptidase CCAAAG TAA 290 ANPEP alanyl NM_001150 CCGAAA 0.576796 0.519796 0.476823 (membrane) TGCCAC aminopeptidase ACTGGT CAA 335 APOA1 apolipoprotein NM_000039 GAGACU 0.667998 0.304063 0.194785 A-1 AUGUGU CCCAGUU 335 APOA1 apolipoprotein NM_000039 CGCTCT 0.372041 0.461591 0.333619 A-1 CGAGGA GTACAC TAA 351 APP amyloid NM_000484 CCAGGA 0.550365 0.454635 0.256527 beta (A4) GAGGAU precursor GGAUGUU protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) 351 APP amyloid NM_000484 CTGGTC 0.327726 0.577834 0.674344 beta (A4) TTCAAT precursor TACCAA protein GAA (protease nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) 361 AQP4 aquaporin 4 NM_001650 CAGCCT 0.491265 0.444893 0.322574 NM_004028 GGGATC CACCAT CAA 361 AQP4 aquaporin 4 NM_004028 GACCAA 1.198531 0.790267 0.471709 UCUGGA GAGGUAU 369 ARAF v-raf NM_001654 CCACAG 0.584211 0.541323 0.408701 murine UGUCCA sarcoma GGAUUUG 3611 viral oncogene homolog 369 ARAF v-raf NM_001654 CGGUGA 0.545849 0.640995 0.583783 murine AGAUCG sarcoma GUGACUU 3611 viral oncogene homolog 372 ARCN1 archain 1 NM_001655 CCCACT 0.129613 0.265091 0.257022 TGTGTC AATATT AAA 372 ARCN1 archain 1 NM_001655 AAGGCT 0.228491 0.339334 0.286881 GAGATG CGTCGT AAA 523 ATP6V1A ATPase, NM_001690 GAGCTT 9.77E−02 0.171685 0.185285 H+ GAATTT transporting, GAAGGT lysosomal GTA 70 kDa, V1 subunit A 523 ATP6V1A ATPase, NM_001690 ATGGAG 0.172724 0.287558 0.253885 H+ GTTGAT transporting, GGTAAG lysosomal GTA 70 kDa, V1 subunit A 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, NM_001693 ACCATG 0.172019 0.262894 0.240605 H+ TTACCC transporting, TGTAAT lysosomal TAA 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, NM_001693 CACGGT 0.202485 0.341822 0.288774 H+ TAATGA transporting, AGTCTG lysosomal CTA 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, NM_001694 CAGCCA 7.20E−02 0.151108 0.149564 H+ XM_001130742 CAGAAT transporting, ATTATG lysosomal TAA 16 kDa, V0 subunit c 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, NM_001694 TCCCAG 0.075906 0.149046 0.134968 H+ XM_001130742 CTATCT transporting, ATAACC lysosomal TTA 16 kDa, V0 subunit c 533 ATP6V0B ATPase, NM_001039457 CATGGC 8.02E−02 0.176384 0.203457 H+ NM_004047 AATTGT transporting, CATTAG lysosomal CAA 21 kDa, V0 subunit b 533 ATP6V0B ATPase, NM_001039457 TCCTAG 0.150147 0.301989 0.286479 H+ NM_004047 TGTTTG transporting, TGAAAT lysosomal AAA 21 kDa, V0 subunit b 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, NM_001183 CAGGGA 9.81E−02 0.184556 0.155526 H+ AGTCCT transporting, CACAGG lysosomal CAA accessory protein 1 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, NM_001183 CACAGT 0.100942 0.168217 0.168016 H+ GACATT transporting, CAAGTT lysosomal CAT accessory protein 1 602 BCL3 B-cell NM_005178 CGUGAA 0.572122 0.617782 0.512055 CLL/lymphoma 3 CGCGCA AAUGUAC 602 BCL3 B-cell NM_005178 UGGCUC 0.56567 0.605674 0.548143 CLL/lymphoma 3 CUCCCA AUUUCUU 658 BMPR1B “bone NM_001203 /5Phos/rGr 0.298038 0.244694 0.18626 morphogenetic GrArCrCr protein CrArGrUr receptor, UrGrUrAr type 1B” CrCrUrAr ArUrCrAr CrAGG 658 BMPR1B “bone NM_001203 GGACUA 0.534118 0.410897 0.332256 morphogenetic UAGCUA protein AGCAGAU receptor, type 1B” 790 CAD carbamoyl- NM_004341 CAGCCA 1.175201 0.398712 0.200589 phosphate AGTGCT synthetase AGTAGA 2, CAA aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorolase 790 CAD carbamoyl- NM_004341 CCCUGA 0.703365 0.386548 0.234267 phosphate GUCUGA synthetase GCAGUAU 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin- NM_001220 CACGAC 0.358294 0.334692 0.245548 dependent NM_172078 CATCCT protein NM_172079 GAACCC kinase II NM_172080 ACA beta NM_172081 NM_172082 NM_172083 NM_172084 XM_001125861 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin- NM_001220 CAGGAT 0.445452 0.392538 0.286559 dependent XM_001125861 CTCTGA protein CATCCT kinase II GAA beta 827 CAPN6 calpain 6 NM_014289 GGACCA 1.01694 0.572227 0.373877 CUGACA UUCCUAU 827 CAPN6 calpain 6 NM_014289 AAGGGT 0.452513 0.540239 0.618952 GGTCCA ACTGCC AAA 975 CD81 CD81 NM_004356 CACCTT 9.82E−02 0.259718 0.33035 molecule CTATGT AGGCAT CTA 975 CD81 CD81 NM_004356 AAGGAA 0.515166 0.434424 0.33558 molecule CATCAG GCATGC TAA 1019 CDK4 cyclin- NM_000075 GAGGCC 0.480387 0.509977 0.378204 dependent UAGAUU kinase 4 UCCUUCA 1019 CDK4 cyclin- NM_000075 CCGAAC 0.447714 0.671184 0.662527 dependent TGACCG kinase 4 GGAGAT CAA 1195 CLK1 CDC-like NM_001024646 /5Phos/rAr 0.636302 0.615127 0.471126 kinase 1 GrUrArCr UrUrCrAr CrArUrCr GrUrCrGr UrUrCrAr CrATG 1195 CLK1 CDC-like NM_001024646 CACGAT 0.541698 0.684416 0.767254 kinase 1 AGTAAG GAGCAT TTA 1263 PLK3 polo-like NM_004073 /5Phos/rGr 0.562995 0.705248 0.695757 kinase 3 GrCrGrGr (Drosophila) ArUrGrUr ArUrGrGr UrCrArCr UrGrGrGr CrUGG 1263 PLK3 polo-like NM_004073 CTGCAT 0.622336 0.763092 0.745796 kinase 3 CAAGCA (Drosophila) GGTTCA CTA 1280 COL2A1 collagen, NM_001844 CTGGTT 0.303328 0.374904 0.360047 type II, NM_033150 TGGAGA alpha 1 AACCAT CAA 1280 COL2A1 collagen, NM_001844 AAGCCT 1.458969 0.583795 0.364302 type II, NM_033150 GGTGAT alpha 1 GATGGT GAA 1314 COPA coatomer NM_001098398 CTGGAT 7.17E−02 0.151954 0.153127 protein NM_004371 TTCAAC complex, AGCTCC subunit AAA alpha 1314 COPA coatomer NM_001098398 CTGGCG 0.103107 0.229328 0.257649 protein NM_004371 CATGAA complex, TGAATC subunit AAA alpha 1385 CREB1 cAMP NM_004379 AGGGCA 1.249505 0.725109 0.402442 responsive NM_134442 GTTGTT element GCTTCT binding TAA protein 1 1385 CREB1 cAMP NM_004379 CAGCCG 0.585505 0.687225 0.734996 responsive NM_134442 GGTACT element ACCATT binding CTA protein 1 1394 CRHR1 corticotropin NM_004382 CAGGTT 0.159133 0.223883 0.209908 releasing XM_001128344 GGTGAC hormone AGCCGC receptor 1 CTA 1394 CRHR1 corticotropin NM_004382 CCGCTA 0.727194 0.599286 0.451137 releasing XM_001128344 CAATAC hormone CACAAA receptor 1 CAA 1434 CSE1L CSE1 NM_001316 CTGACG 0.199703 0.39152 0.384412 chromosome GTATCA segregation AATATA 1-like TTA (yeast) 1434 CSE1L CSE1 NM_001316 CAAATG 0.217456 0.439763 0.528634 chromosome AACTTG segregation TAAACC 1-like TAA (yeast) 1455 CSNK1G2 “casein NM_001319 /5Phos/rAr 0.616044 0.391756 0.267893 kinase 1, GrGrCrCr gamma 2” ArGrGrCr UrArUrCr ArCrArAr ArCrUrUr ArUAG 1455 CSNK1G2 casein NM_001319 TAGGAA 0.623013 0.6029 0.538519 kinase 1, AGAATC gamma 2 TCTATA CAA 1511 CTSG cathepsin G NM_001911 CACAGT 9.29E−02 0.194499 0.200955 GTTTGCC AGAGCC TTA 1511 CTSG cathepsin G NM_001911 UCCGCC 0.602165 0.71298 0.691934 ACCCUC AAUAUAA 1521 CTSW cathepsin W NM_001335 CGCGTT 0.465528 0.548612 0.482702 CATAAC TGTCCT CAA 1521 CTSW cathepsin W NM_001335 UACCUG 0.632263 0.705134 0.731456 UGGCAU CACCAAG 1613 DAPK3 death- NM_001348 CCGGCA 0.557697 0.418559 0.327791 associated GAAGGG protein CACGGG kinase 3 CAA 1613 DAPK3 death- NM_001348 CACCAA 1.415664 0.945629 0.64896 associated CATCTC protein AGCCGT kinase 3 GAA 1717 DHCR7 7- NM_001360 CUGCAA 0.235651 0.271078 0.199161 dehydrocholesterol AUUCAC reductase AGGCAAU 1717 DHCR7 7- NM_001360 CGGGAA 0.356665 0.549026 0.674915 dehydrocholesterol GTGGTT reductase TGACTT CAA 1733 DIO1 deiodinase, NM_213593 TTGGGA 0.343347 0.456542 0.532248 iodothyronine, GTTTAT type 1 GCAAGG TAA 1733 DIO1 deiodinase, NM_213593 UAGCAG 0.457812 0.560861 0.474465 iodothyronine, AUUUUC type 1 UUGUCAU 1787 TRDMT1 tRNA NM_004412 GGACGA 0.713512 0.618552 0.556973 aspartic AUAGCU acid UCUUACA methyltransferase 1 1787 TRDMT1 tRNA NM_004412 CACATT 1.358406 0.721083 0.575658 aspartic NM_176081 CGGTTG acid NM_176083 AGCAAC methyltransferase 1 NM_176084 ATT NM_176085 NM_176086 1832 DSP desmoplakin NM_001008844 CAGAAG 0.652997 0.665617 0.526271 NM_004415 AATGAC TATGAC CAA 1832 DSP desmoplakin NM_001008844 CCGACA 0.571636 0.667903 0.597691 NM_004415 TGAATC ACTAAG TAA 1845 DUSP3 dual NM_004090 CCCGCG 0.465773 0.550533 0.527897 specificity GATCTA phosphatase 3 CGTGGG CAA 1845 DUSP3 dual NM_004090 CCGTAT 0.91563 0.847785 0.614104 specificity TTACTT phosphatase 3 AACAAG ATT 2011 MARK2 MAP/microtubule NM_004954 /5Phos/rUr 6.22E−02 0.143927 0.146607 affinity- CrCrGrCr regulating UrUrCrAr kinase 2 CrGrUrGr GrArGrUr ArUrGrAr ArGAC 2011 MARK2 MAP/microtubule NM_004954 /5Phos/rCr 0.643683 0.697418 0.585071 affinity- CrGrCrUr regulating UrCrArCr kinase 2 GrUrGrGr ArGrUrAr UrGrArAr GrACC 2022 ENG endoglin NM_000118 AAGGGA 0.126098 0.17892 0.189344 NM_001114753 GAACTT GAAACA GAT 2022 ENG endoglin NM_000118 CAGCAA 0.24663 0.343036 0.298319 NM_001114753 TGAGGC GGTGGT CAA 2045 EPHA7 EPH NM_004440 TACGAG 0.397562 0.418848 0.349725 receptor AAAGAT A7 CAAAGG GAA 2045 EPHA7 EPH NM_004440 CAGGCT 0.662261 0.655207 0.552147 receptor GCGAAG A7 GAAGTA CTA 2048 EPHB2 EPH NM_004442 /5Phos/rGr 0.376567 0.332363 0.292629 receptor GrCrUrAr B2 CrGrGrAr CrCrArAr GrUrUrUr ArUrCrCr GrGCG 2048 EPHB2 EPH NM_004442 GGAGAC 0.567862 0.498451 0.31717 receptor CUUCAA B2 CCUCUAU 2050 EPHB4 EPH NM_004444 CACGAG 0.542996 0.385256 0.312795 receptor CTCCCT B4 GGGAGG AAA 2050 EPHB4 EPH NM_004444 CTGGCG 0.953659 0.542741 0.401283 receptor GGACAC B4 CAGAAG AAA 2162 F13A1 coagulation NM_000129 CAAGGA 6.53E−02 0.238263 0.219108 factor GAGATG XIII, A1 GGACAC polypeptide TAA 2162 F13A1 coagulation NM_000129 GCUGGA 0.789945 0.566015 0.442407 factor GCUAUG XIII, A1 GUCAGUU polypeptide 2260 FGFR1 EMPTY NM_023110 CCUGCA 0.770886 0.254695 0.154736 UUGUGG AGAAUGA 2260 FGFR1 fibroblast NM_023110 CAGAGG 0.70394 0.700727 0.514028 growth AGAAAG factor AAACAG receptor 1 ATA (fms- related tyrosine kinase 2, Pfeiffer syndrome) 2263 FGFR2 fibroblast NM_000141 CCCATC 0.172533 0.411176 0.409594 growth NM_022969 TGACAA factor NM_022970 GGGAAA receptor 2 NM_022971 TTA NM_022972 NM_022973 NM_022974 NM_022975 NM_022976 NM_023028 NM_023029 NM_023030 NM_023031 2263 FGFR2 fibroblast NM_000141 CGGAGG 1.110477 0.806708 0.535097 growth NM_022969 AGCGTT factor NM_022970 GCCATT receptor 2 NM_022971 CAA NM_022972 NM_022973 NM_022974 NM_022975 NM_022976 NM_023028 NM_023029 NM_023030 NM_023031 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast NM_002011 CCGCCT 0.172161 0.308767 0.236158 growth NM_022963 GACCTT factor NM_213647 CGGACC receptor 4 CTA 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast NM_002011 CAGGAG 0.350578 0.281419 0.20086 growth NM_022963 GTTCTG factor NM_213647 GGCCTC receptor 4 TGA 2322 FLT3 fms- NM_004119 CAGGTT 0.205922 0.327593 0.409226 related TAAAGC tyrosine CTACCC kinase 3 ACA 2322 FLT3 fms- NM_004119 TACGTT 0.532347 0.673259 0.738482 related GATTTC tyrosine AGAGAA kinase 3 TAT 2324 FLT4 fms- NM_182925 CACGCT 0.115189 0.289531 0.295762 related CTTGGT tyrosine CAACAG kinase 4 GAA 2324 FLT4 fms- NM_182925 CGUGUC 1.385206 0.886297 0.628062 related UGCCAU tyrosine GUACAAG kinase 4 2334 AFF2 AF4/FMR NM_002025 CTGGGT 1.268048 0.757327 0.437178 2 family, AAGACT member 2 ACTCAG TAA 2334 AFF2 fragile X NM_002025 CACGTG 0.632891 0.855378 0.959341 mental ATAGTC retardation 2 ATAACC CTA 2342 FNTB farnesyltransferase, NM_002028 CACGTC 7.94E−02 0.174705 0.20524 CAAX CATAGA box, beta ACAGGC AAA 2342 FNTB farnesyltransferase, NM_002028 GGUGAU 0.300267 0.402552 0.259489 CAAX CCAGGC box, beta CACUACA 2346 FOLH1 folate NM_004476 AAGCAT 0.197298 0.39287 0.458664 hydrolase AATATG (prostate- AAAGCA specific TTT membrane antigen) 1 2346 FOLH1 folate NM_004476 CACCAG 0.667199 0.409842 0.244758 hydrolase GUUACC (prostate- CAGCAAA specific membrane antigen) 1 2357 FPR1 formyl NM_002029 GUGACA 0.378523 0.468563 0.402488 peptide CAGCUA receptor 1 CCAAUUC 2357 FPR1 formyl NM_002029 AACCAG 0.710528 0.606494 0.423796 peptide TGACAC receptor 1 AGCTAC CAA 2444 FRK fyn-related NM_002031 GGUCCC 1.086531 0.564586 0.303119 kinase AGCUCC AUUUGAU 2444 FRK fyn-related NM_002031 CTGGGA 0.543945 0.550485 0.332667 kinase GTACCT AGAACC CTA 2475 FRAP1 FK506 NM_004958 /5Phos/rGr 0.371406 0.58837 0.485254 binding GrCrArAr protein 12- CrArArGr rapamycin CrGrArUr associated CrCrCrGr protein 1 ArArCrGr ArGGA 2475 FRAP1 FK506 NM_004958 GAGGCA 0.81123 0.75011 0.537874 binding UCUCGU protein 12- UUGUACU rapamycin associated protein 1 2539 G6PD glucose-6- NM_000402 CACCAA 0.345572 0.602254 0.730104 phosphate NM_001042351 GATGAT dehydrogenase GACCAA GAA 2539 G6PD glucose-6- NM_000402 ATCGGG 0.43859 0.538907 0.434585 phosphate NM_001042531 TGACCT dehydrogenase GGCCAA GAA 2550 GABBR1 gamma- NM_001470 CACCCT 0.242197 0.255169 0.177071 aminobutyric NM_021903 CTCCAT acid NM_021904 GTCACA (GABA) B NM_021905 GAA receptor, 1 2550 GABBR1 gamma- NM_001470 CTCCAT 0.591587 0.786134 0.839918 aminobutyric NM_021903 TGCATT acid NM_021904 CATGTA (GABA) B NM_021905 CTA receptor, 1 2580 GAK cyclin G NM_005255 AAGGCC 0.340592 0.394833 0.282576 associated XM_001127411 TAACTA kinase TGCCTC GAA 2580 GAK cyclin G NM_005255 AGGGUG 0.462245 0.63912 0.716611 associated ACCUGG kinase ACAUAUC 2703 GJA8 gap NM_005267 CAGCGG 0.458221 0.461855 0.419568 junction CAGCAA protein, AGGCAC alpha 8, TAA 50 kDa 2703 GJA8 gap NM_005267 UCAUCU 0.451748 0.537145 0.56189 junction UCAAGA protein, CCCUCUU alpha 8, 50 kDa 2869 GRK5 G protein- NM_005308 CCGAAG 0.359907 0.332406 0.241538 coupled GACCAT receptor AGACAC kinase 5 AGA 2869 GRK5 G protein- NM_005308 GCGGCA 0.845292 0.48597 0.296931 coupled GCAUCA receptor GAACAAU kinase 5 2870 GRK6 G protein- NM_002082 CCGGAG 0.894295 0.641728 0.479498 coupled GTGGTG receptor AAGAAT kinase 6 GAA 2870 GRK6 G protein- NM_002082 GGGUCC 0.709849 0.663908 0.557602 coupled CUGCAA receptor AGACCUU kinase 6 2932 GSK3B glycogen NM_002093 /5Phos/rGr 5.95E−02 0.106067 0.100391 synthase GrGrCrAr kinase 3 CrCrArGr beta ArGrUrUr GrArUrCr UrUrUrGr GrAGG 2932 GSK3B glycogen NM_002093 /5Phos/rAr 0.140815 0.133221 0.106799 synthase GrCrArAr kinase 3 CrArCrUr beta GrGrUrCr ArCrGrUr UrUrGrGr ArAAG 2936 GSR EMPTY NM_000637 CGGAAG 0.920982 0.51246 0.310382 AUGAAG CCAUUCA 2936 GSR glutathione NM_000637 ACCGAU 0.472315 0.557203 0.543758 reductase GACAAG GGUCAUA 3265 HRAS v-Ha-ras NM_001130442 CAGACT 0.538154 0.365001 0.24442 Harvey rat NM_005343 GTCTTG sarcoma NM_176795 AACATC viral CCA oncogene homolog 3265 HRAS v-Ha-ras NM_001130442 CCTGTG 0.719199 0.659826 0.57344 Harvey rat NM_005343 TGTGTT sarcoma NM_176795 TGCCAT viral CCA oncogene homolog 3320 HSP90AA1 heat shock NM_001017963 CAGAAT 0.482469 0.256156 0.172544 protein NM_005348 GAAGGA 90 kDa GAACCA alpha GAA (cytosolic), class A member 1 3320 HSP90AA1 heat shock NM_001017963 CTGCTT 1.427162 0.915139 0.631874 protein NM_005348 AAAGTT 90 kDa GTAACA alpha AAT (cytosolic), class A member 1 3356 HTR2A 5- NM_000621 CUCGCC 0.646324 0.539307 0.404079 hydroxytryptamine GAUGAU (serotonin) AACUUUG receptor 2A 3356 HTR2A 5- NM_000621 TGGGAT 1.520438 0.852611 0.53368 hydroxytryptamine TGAGTT (serotonin) GGTTAC receptor CTA 2A 3547 IGSF1 immunoglobulin NM_001555 ATCGAT 0.193911 0.227021 0.220041 superfamily, NM_205833 AGTGAT member 1 GGACCC TCA 3547 IGSF1 immunoglobulin NM_001555 TCGATA 0.268017 0.255527 0.236023 superfamily, NM_205833 GTGATG member 1 GACCCT CAA 3568 IL5RA interleukin NM_175728 GCUGGG 0.681915 0.483369 0318573 5 receptor, CUUCUG alpha CUGAACU 3568 IL5RA interleukin NM_000564 CACCAG 0.814131 0.530594 0.362803 5 receptor, NM_175726 TCTTGT alpha ATCTCT TAA 3581 IL9R interleukin NM_002186 CAGCTA 0.228236 0.3547 0.446801 9 receptor NM_176786 TGAGCT NR_024033 GGCCTT CAA 3581 IL9R interleukin NM_002186 GGGUGA 0.591005 0.565778 0.445678 9 receptor AGAGAA UCUUCUA 3674 ITGA2B integrin, NM_000419 CAGCCA 0.790304 0.299394 0.189931 alpha 2b GAATCC (platelet AAACAG glycoprotein CAA IIb of IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41) 3674 ITGA2B integrin, NM_000419 UGGCAG 1.060829 0.736319 0.444774 alpha 2b CCAGUU (platelet UGGAUUU glycoprotein IIb of IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41) 3675 ITGA3 integrin, NM_002204 CTCGCT 0.823417 0.474607 0.32931 alpha 3 NM_005501 TAGCAT (antigen GGTAAA CD49C, TCA alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) 3675 ITGA3 integrin, NM_002204 CTGGAT 0.540775 0.765083 0.633673 alpha 3 NM_005501 TGACTT (antigen TGCTGT CD49C, CAA alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) 3717 JAK2 Janus NM_004972 AGCCAT 0.967243 0.466245 0.236812 kinase 2 (a CATACG protein AGATCT tyrosine TAA kinase) 3717 JAK2 Janus NM_004972 CCAGAU 0.46513 0.759622 0.91968 kinase 2 (a UUCAGG protein CCUUCUU tyrosine kinase) 3725 JUN jun NM_002228 CGCGCG 0.520241 0.489764 0.287525 oncogene CGAGTC GACAAG TAA 3725 JUN v-jun NM_002228 TTCGTT 0.426049 0.634569 0.712136 sarcoma AACATT virus 17 GACCAA oncogene GAA homolog (avian) 3760 KCNJ3 potassium NM_002239 ACCAGC 0.695807 0.317877 0.181925 inwardly- CATAAC rectifying TAACAG channel, CAA subfamily J, member 3 3760 KCNJ3 potassium NM_002239 ATGGAC 0.521729 0.471471 0.418717 inwardly- TAGATG rectifying ATATTA channel, CTA subfamily J, member 3 3767 KCNJ11 potassium NM_000525 GUUCAG 0.400141 0.25795 0.218759 inwardly- CAUCUC rectifying UCCAGAU channel, subfamily J, member 11 3767 KCNJ11 potassium NM_000525 CAGCGC 0.314883 0.570361 0.641923 inwardly- TTTGTG rectifying CCCATT channel, GTA subfamily J, member 11 3778 KCNMA1 EMPTY NM_001014797 UGGGAG 0.27889 0.393026 0.362607 ACGCUU CAUAACU 3778 KCNMA1 potassium NM_002247 ACCGAG 0.655375 0.641345 0.46731 large AGAGCC oonductance GTATAT calcium- TAA activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 3837 KPNB1 karyopherin NM_002265 TCGGTT 0.343415 0.486124 0.441224 (importin) ATATTT beta 1 GCCAAG ATA 3837 KPNB1 karyopherin NM_002265 CAAGAA 0.356831 0.518794 0.494295 (importin) CTCTTT beta 1 GACATC TAA 3984 LIMK1 LIM NM_002314 /5Phos/rAr 1.007584 0.595166 0.318947 domain GrCrUrCr kinase 1 UrCrCrGr GrCrUrUr ArUrArCr UrCrCrCr ArGCG 3984 LIMK1 LIM NM_002314 AUCACC 1.181749 0.858982 0.644375 domain AAGGGA kinase 1 CUGGUUA 4058 LTK leukocyte NM_002344 ACAGAT 0.835764 0.580696 0.391388 receptor NM_206961 CTTTGG tyrosine AGTGCC kinase TAA 4058 LTK leukocyte NM_002344 CAGGGA 1.063931 0.705212 0.501143 receptor NM_206961 TATTGC tyrosine CGCCCG kinase GAA 4193 MDM2 Mdm2, NM_002392 CAGGCA 0.349235 0.398643 0.441268 transformed AATGTG 3T3 cell CAATAC double CAA minute 2, p53 binding protein (mouse) 4193 MDM2 Mdm2 p53 NM_002392 CCGGAT 0.738487 0.598079 0.370112 binding CTTGAT protein GCTGGT homolog GTA (mouse) 4296 MAP3K11 mitogen- NM_002419 CACATG 0.42297 0.483946 0.328504 activated GTACCT protein GGATTC kinase AGA kinase kinase 11 4296 MAP3K11 mitogen- NM_002419 CCGGCC 0.586356 0.505279 0.36445 activated TTGACC protein GGAGGA kinase GAA kinase kinase 11 4809 NHP2L1 NHP2 NM_001003796 CAGCTA 0.108851 0.284659 0.3888 non- NM_005008 CTCTCT histone ATTGTT chromosome ATA protein 2-like 1 (S. cerevisiae) 4809 NHP2L1 NHP2 NM_001003796 CTGAGG 0.12278 0.268459 0.309098 non- NM_005008 TTGTGT histone ATCATA chromosome TTA protein 2-like 1 (S. cerevisiae) 4886 NPY1R neuropeptide Y NM_000909 GACUUG 0.268069 0.469101 0.620025 receptor CUUGUU Y1 GCCAUCA 4886 NPY1R neuropeptide Y NM_000909 CAAGAT 0.801215 0.561755 0.415336 receptor ATATAT Y1 ACGCCT AAA 4914 NTRK1 “neurotrophic NM_001007792 /5Phos/rAr 0.400583 0.570384 0.610135 tyrosine CrCrArGr kinase, ArGrGrUr receptor, CrUrArCr type 1” GrCrCrAr UrCrArUr GrCGG 4914 NTRK1 neurotrophic NM_001007204 CACGGA 1.288761 0.692474 0.547716 tyrosine NM_001007792 GGCAAT kinase, NM_001012331 CGACTG receptor, NM_002529 CAT type 1 4915 NTRK2 neurotrophic NM_001018064 GAGCAU 0.185904 0.316496 0.222767 tyrosine CAUGUA kinase, CAGGAAA receptor, type 2 4915 NTRK2 neurotrophic NM_001007097 ACCACG 1.318829 0.618446 0.348687 tyrosine NM_001018064 AACAGA kinase, NM_001018065 AGTAAT receptor, NM_001018066 GAA type 2 NM_006180 4920 ROR2 receptor NM_004560 UUGCCU 0.148738 0.266509 0.247882 tyrosine GUGCAC kinase-like GCUUCAU orphan receptor 2 4920 ROR2 receptor NM_004560 CCGGTT 0.74296 0.622392 0.402518 tyrosine TGGGAA kinase-like AGTCTA orphan CAA receptor 2 4923 NTSR1 neurotensin NM_002531 CTGGCT 0.102365 0.196537 0.210525 receptor TAAGAA 1 (high GGTCGC affinity) CTA 4923 NTSR1 neurotensin NM_002531 AAGGGC 0.345005 0.231992 0.163321 receptor CTCTAA 1 (high CAAGGA affinity) GAA 5062 PAK2 p21 NM_002577 /5Phos/rAr 7.21E−02 0.147561 0.153507 (CDKN1A)- GrCrUrAr activated CrGrCrUr kinase 2 GrUrGrGr UrUrUrAr UrUrCrUr UrAAG 5062 PAK2 p21 NM_002577 /5Phos/rGr 0.429581 0.481362 0.452969 (CDKN1A)- GrArGrCr activated UrArCrGr kinase 2 CrUrGrUr GrGrUrUr UrArUrUr CrUGG 5063 PAK3 p21 NM_001128166 CAAGAA 0.480869 0.537457 0.417104 protein NM_001128167 GGAATT (Cdc42/Rac)- NM_001128168 AATTAT activated NM_001128172 TAA kinase 3 NM_001128173 NM_002578 5063 PAK3 p21 NM_002578 CAGCAA 0.728695 0.595544 0.456057 (CDKN1A)- CCCAAG activated AAGGAAU kinase 3 5096 PCCB propionyl NM_000532 CAGGCC 0.45741 0.602919 0.593165 Coenzyme A ACCTCT carboxylase, GTTAAC beta GAA polypeptide 5096 PCCB propionyl NM_000532 CTCAGG 0.723836 0.558057 0.503111 Coenzyme A ATGCTT carboxylase, GGATAT beta TAA polypeptide 5165 PDK3 pyruvate NM_005391 CAGGUC 0.348006 0.344589 0.219532 dehydrogenase UUGGAU kinase, AACUUUC isozyme 3 5165 PDK3 pyruvate NM_001142386 CTCGTT 0.847921 0.703907 0.603787 dehydrogenase NM_005391 ACTTTG kinase, GGTAAA isozyme 3 GAA 5253 PHF2 PHD NM_005392 CTGGAT 7.57E−02 0.165235 0.185031 finger NM_024517 TTGTTTC protein 2 TCAGGC AA 5253 PHF2 PHD NM_005392 TCGCCT 0.63691 0.454126 0.280938 finger NM_024517 CTAGCT protein 2 GGAAAC AAA 5310 PKD1 polycystic NM_001009944 GACGUG 0.42731 0.543542 0.435714 kidney UGGAUC disease 1 GGCUUCU (autosomal dominant) 5310 PKD1 polycystic NM_001009944 CCCGTC 0.486518 0.673849 0.633572 kidney CATTGT disease 1 GGGTAG (autosomal CAA dominant) 5422 POLA1 polymerase NM_016937 CCAGAC 0.306117 0.438598 0.372639 (DNA CUGGUG directed), AAUGUAA alpha 1 5422 POLA1 polymerase NM_016937 CAGGAT 0.564799 0.610176 0.486803 (DNA CTTAAC directed), ACTGAG alpha ACA 5566 PRKACA protein NM_002730 ACAGAA 0.885957 0.595288 0.425173 kinase, NM_207518 GGTGGT cAMP- GAAACT dependent, GAA catalytic, alpha 5566 PRKACA protein NM_002730 CAGAAG 0.907383 0.651552 0.475119 kinase, NM_207518 GTGGTG cAMP- AAACTG dependent, AAA catalytic, alpha 5580 PRKCD protein NM_212539 CGCUGC 0.717175 0.403035 0.211423 kinase C, CAUCCA delta CAAGAAA 5580 PRKCD protein NM_212539 CCGGGA 0.513114 0.564345 0.467735 kinase C, CACTAT delta ATTCCA GAA 5584 PRKCI protein NM_002740 ACGCCG 1.100496 0.752762 0.492508 kinase C, CTGGAG iota AAAGCT TTA 5584 PRKCI protein NM_002740 GGAGAU 0.635398 0.83753 1.037426 kinase C, ACAACC iota AGCACUU 5594 MAPK1 mitogen- NM_002745 /5Phos/rCr 0.216511 0.173994 0.155731 activated CrArCrCr protein ArArCrCr kinase 1 ArUrCrGr ArGrCrAr ArArUrGr ArAAG 5594 MAPK1 mitogen- NM_002745 /5 Phos/rCr 0.600093 0.296237 0.173795 activated ArCrCrAr protein ArCrCrAr kinase 1 UrCrGrAr GrCrArAr ArUrGrAr ArAGA 5605 MAP2K2 mitogen- NM_002745 CCGGCC 0.101058 0.29687 0.509927 activated TGCCAT protein GGCCAT kinase CTT kinase 2 5605 MAP2K2 mitogen- NM_030662 GUGGAU 0.574017 0.566833 0.566071 activated UUUGCC protein GGCUGGU kinase kinase 2 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen- NM_002756 CTGGAT 0.141122 0.342405 0.378676 activated NM_145109 GCCATC protein NM_145110 CAAGTT kinase GTA kinase 3 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen- NM_002756 CCGGGC 0.447182 0.583888 0.548603 activated NM_145109 CACCGT protein NM_145110 GAACTC kinase ACA kinase 3 5607 MAP2K5 mitogen- NM_002757 AAGACG 1.293805 0.794924 0.4229 activated NM_145160 TATGTT protein NM_145161 GGAACA kinase NM_145162 AAT kinase 5 5607 MAP2K5 mitogen- NM_002757 CAAGAC 1.07881 0.810121 0.536994 activated NM_145160 GTATGT protein NM_145161 TGGAAC kinase NM_145162 AAA kinase 5 5610 EIF2AK2 eukaryotic NM_002759 /5Phos/rUr 0.475097 0.363097 0.244434 translation GrGrCrCr initiation GrCrUrAr factor 2- ArArCrUr alpha UrGrCrAr kinase 2 UrArUrCr UrUUG 5610 EIF2AK2 eukaryotic NM_002759 TACGTG 0.514118 0.517686 0.444547 translation TGAGTC initiation CCAAAG factor 2- CAA alpha kinase 2 5707 PSMD1 proteosome NM_002807 AAGCAG 0.286945 0.693908 0.780448 (prosome, TGCATT mactopain) TGTAGG 26S AAA subunit, non- ATPase, 1 5707 PSMD1 proteosome NM_002807 CTGCAT 0.985269 0.774298 0.551981 (prosome, GTCTTT macropain) AATGCA 26S GAA subunit, non- ATPase, 1 5757 PTMA prothymosin, NM_001099285 TTGTCC 0.222183 0.445287 0.450524 alpha NM_002823 AACAAT AAACAG GAA 5757 PTMA prothymosin, NM_001099285 TTGGTT 0.63134 0.83128 0.793193 alpha NM_002823 TGTATG AGATGG TTA 5797 PTPRM EMPTY NM_002845 CCAGUU 1.162729 0.716824 0.450535 CACCAC CAAAAUA 5797 PTPRM protein NM_002845 CUCGUU 0.918752 0.78949 0.629143 tyrosine GCCACA phosphatase, GUUAUAA receptor type, M 5798 PTPRN protein NM_002846 CAGGTC 0.156852 0.467296 0.705878 tyrosine TGGCTT phosphatase, GGCACC receptor CAA type, N 5798 PTPRN protein NM_002846 CTGGTG 0.351441 0.495268 0.543469 tyrosine AAGTCT phosphatase, GAACTG receptor GAA type, N 5805 PTS 6- NM_000317 TTCGAG 1.797785 0.690829 0.367199 pyruvoyltetrahydropterin TAGGTG synthase AATCTT AAA 5805 PTS 6- NM_000317 TAGGTG 0.623979 0.679202 0.799458 pyruvoyltetrahydropterin AATCTT synthase AAAGAA ATA 5961 PRPH2 retinal CAGCAC 0.207981 0.314487 0.284669 degeneration, CACACC slow ATCCCT AAA 5961 PRPH2 retinal CACGGA 0.417302 0.549364 0.59512 degeneration, TTTAGT slow CCCACC CTA 6015 RING1 ring finger NM_002931 GCUGGU 0.477836 0.536237 0.538214 protein 1 GAAUGA GAAAUUC 6015 RING1 ring finger NM_002931 CCGAAA 0.559832 0.666152 0.743391 protein 1 GAAGCT GGTGTC CAA 6093 ROCK1 “Rho- NM_005406 /5Phos/rCr 5.17E−02 0.118592 0.123273 associated, GrGrUrUr coiled-coil ArGrArAr containing CrArArGr protein ArGrGrUr kinase 1” ArArArUr GrACG 6093 ROCK1 “Rho- NM_005406 /5Phos/rGr 0.251923 0.267744 0.223982 associated, GrUrUrAr coiled-coil GrArArCr containing ArArGrAr protein GrGrUrUr kinase 1” ArArUrGr ArAGG 6196 RPS6KA2 ribosomal NM_001006932 CTGGAA 0.364701 0.511616 0.518378 protein S6 NM_021135 CACGCT kinase, GTACCG 90 kDa, GAA polypeptide 2 6196 RPS6KA2 ribosomal NM_001006932 CAGCAA 0.67855 0.629673 0.494396 protein S6 GAUCUG kinase, CACAAAG 90 kDa, polypeptide 2 6204 RPS10 RPS10, NM_001014 TTGAAT 0.375022 0.605714 0.613794 ribosomal AAACTT protein ACAGCC S10 AAA 6204 RPS10 ribosomal NM_001014 AACCGG 0.751938 0.726815 0.59629 protein ATTGCC S10 ATTTAT GAA 6224 RPS20 ribosomal NM_001023 CCCTAA 0.292758 0.402218 0.337312 protein CAAGCC S20 GCAACG TAA 6224 RPS20 ribosomal NM_001023 TTCGCT 0.60169 0.45746 0.298139 protein CTCGCC S20 GAGGAA CAA 6328 SCN3A sodium NM_001081676 CAGCGT 0.377089 0.378925 0.336799 channel, NM_001081677 AATTTC voltage- NM_006922 AGATGT gated, type TAT III, alpha subunit 6328 SCN3A sodium NM_001081676 CTCCCA 0.658364 0.6171 0.509542 channel, NM_001081677 TAATAA voltage- NM_006922 ATTATA gated, type TAA III, alpha subunit 6334 SCN8A sodium NM_014191 GGGAAG 0.658539 0.430628 0.283268 channel, AGUUUG voltage CCUUUCA gated, type VIII, alpha subunit 6334 SCN8A sodium NM_014191 ACCATT 0.686691 0.431679 0.296971 channel, GATATC voltage AAACCA gated, type GAA VIII, alpha subunit 6340 SCNN1G sodium NM_001039 CAAGGC 1.244834 0.703456 0.381588 channel, CGGCAA nonvoltage- GTAAAC gated 1, AAA gamma 6340 SCNN1G sodium NM_001039 UGGGCU 0.547836 0.516556 0.534985 channel, GCAAGU nonvoltage- CAUUUUG gated 1, gamma 6357 CCL13 chemokine NM_005408 CCGGAA 0.544035 0.297011 0.175522 (C-C AGCTCA motif) CACCCT ligand 13 GAA 6357 CCL13 chemokine NM_005408 ACTCTT 0.549927 0.721963 0.765856 (C-C AACCTT motif) CAACAT ligand 13 GAA 6442 SGCA sarcoglycan, NM_000023 UGUGAC 0.19559 0317996 0.323205 alpha CCUGGU (50 kDa GGAUAAG dystrophin- associated glycoprotein) 6442 SGCA EMPTY NM_000023 UUGAGG 0.908422 0.646585 0.401652 UCACAG CCUACAA 6446 SGK1 serum/glucocorticoid NM_005627 /5 Phos/rAr 0.103063 0.206548 0.207365 regulated GrCrGrUr kinase UrArGrAr GrUrGrCr CrGrCrCr UrUrArGr ArCAG 6446 SGK1 serum/glucocorticoid NM_005627 TACAGG 0.438563 0.447856 0.253796 regulated CTTATTT kinase 1 GTAATG TA 6478 SIAH2 seven in NM_005067 ACCCGG 1.233842 0.421482 0.189076 absentia AGTGCT homolog 2 TATCTT (Drosophila) AAA 6478 SIAH2 seven in NM_005067 ACCAGA 0.261154 0.392519 0.401569 absentia ACAUGA homolog 2 AGACAUA (Drosophila) 6604 SMARCD3 SWI/SNF NM_001003801 GTGGCA 0.485754 0.43639 0.363875 related, NM_001003802 GTATGT matrix NM_003078 GAAGAC associated, CAA actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 3 6604 SMARCD3 SWI/SNF NM_001003801 CTCAAG 0.434246 0.51373 0.545736 related, NM_001003802 GTGATG matrix NM_003078 ACAGAT associated, GTA actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 3 6613 SUMO2 SMT3 NM_001005849 CTGTCT 0.799709 0.384551 0.224997 suppressor NM_006937 TTAAGT of mif two AGGGAT 3 homolog AAA 2 (S. cerevisiae) 6613 SUMO2 SMT3 NM_001005849 AAGTAG 0.679982 0.727311 0.61698 suppressor NM_006937 GGATAA of mif two CTA 3 homolog 2 (S. cercvisiae) 6624 FSCN1 fascin NM_003088 CTGAGC 0.463411 0.602228 0.874638 homolog CTTATTT 1, actin- CTCTGG bundling AA protein (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) 6624 FSCN1 fascin NM_003088 AACTGG 0.689875 0.696247 0.630604 homolog AAATAG 1, actin- CGAAAT bundling AAA protein (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) 6625 SNRNP70 small NM_001009820 AAGATT 0.865553 0.351303 0.200878 nuclear NM_003089 GAGCGG ribonucleo CGACAG protein CAA 70 kDa (U1) 6625 SNRP70 small NM_001009820 CCGGAG 0.295152 0.425576 0.507144 nuclear NM_003089 AGAGTT ribonucleo TGAGGT protein GTA 70 kDa polypeptide (RNP antigen) 6627 SNRPA1 small NM_003090 AGCCTT 0.135945 0.249412 0.256044 nuclear GTTTGT ribonucleo GTTAGC protein AAA polypeptide A′ 6627 SNRPA1 small NM_003090 TAGCCT 0.290838 0.441297 0.475206 nuclear TGTTTG ribonucleo TGTTAG protein CAA polypeptide A′ 6792 CDKL5 cyclin- NM_001037343 AAGATA 0.446852 0.57682 0.596938 dependent NM_003159 GACGCT kinase-like 5 TCATGT TAA 6792 CDKL5 cyclin- NM_001037343 AAGGCA 0.516039 0.856423 0.958541 dependent NM_003159 ATAATG kinase-like 5 CTAATT ACA 6811 STX5 syntaxin 5 NM_003164 CAGTGG 0.609298 0.570421 0.435356 XM_001128716 AAATTG AAGAGC TAA 6811 STX5 syntaxin 5 NM_003164 ATCAAT 1.067683 0.800215 0.600268 XM_001128716 AGCCTC AACAAA CAA 7005 TEAD3 TEA NM_003214 TAGCAC 0.182135 0.285612 0.303818 domain CTCATT family AGCCCA member 3 CAA 7005 TEAD3 TEA NM_003214 TGGGTA 0.560458 0.714534 0.825321 domain TTTATG family AGTTTC member 3 ATA 7178 TPT1 tumor NM_003295 CCGCGC 0.252724 0.29385 0.244265 protein, TCGCTC translation CGAGTT ally- TCA controlled 1 7178 TPT1 tumor NM_003295 CGCCGT 0.976549 0.794541 0.537606 protein, CGTCGT translation CTCCCT ally- TCA controlled 1 7294 TXK TXK NM_003328 TAGGTG 0.23241 0.266392 0.23849 tyrosine AATGGC kinase GGTCAC ATA 7294 TXK TXK NM_003328 CCCGGT 0.643421 0.765014 0.741716 tyrosine GACATT kinase CTATTT CCA 7341 SUMO1 SMT3 NM_001005781 CAGGTT 1.108082 0.685798 0.416473 suppressor NM_001005782 GAAGTC of mif two NM_003352 AAGATG 3 homolog ACA 1 (S. cerevisiae) 7341 SUMO1 SMT3 NM_001005781 CAGTTA 1.126982 0.804388 0.592527 suppressor NM_001005782 CCTAAT of mif two NM_003352 CATGTT 3 homolog GAA 1 (S. cerevisiae) 7423 VEGFB vascular NM_003377 AAGACC 0.506389 0.612819 0.45103 endothelial XM_001128909 CAAACC growth TCTGCA factor B TAA 7423 VEGFB vascular NM_003377 CAGTGT 0.49583 0.501911 0.465779 endothelial XM_001128909 GAATGC growth AGACCT factor B AAA 7786 MAP3K12 mitogen- NM_006301 CAGGGA 0.357591 0.389537 0.404297 activated GCACTA protein TGAAAG kinase GAA kinase kinase 12 7786 MAP3K12 mitogen- NM_006301 CCACGA 0.366546 0.446482 0.377561 activated AAUCGC protein CCAUCAU kinase kinase kinase 12 8021 NUP214 nucleoporin NM_005085 CCCGGA 0.609111 0.444615 0.290697 214 kDa GATGAT CCCAAC AAA 8021 NUP214 nucleoporin NM_005085 CACCAT 0.847775 0.523336 0.390298 214 kDa AGAATC TCACAC CAA 8290 HIST3H3 histone NM_003493 TGAGAG 0.526131 0.525846 0.47555 cluster 3, GTTGCG H3 CAACGT TCA 8290 HIST3H3 NM_003493 histone 3, 0.625392 0.592131 0.481698 H3 8438 RAD54L RAD54- NM_003579 CGCGCG 0.166273 0.334684 0.366552 like (S. cerevisiae) CTTTGG GAACAG GAA 8438 RAD54L RAD54- NM_003579 CCCAGA 0.643617 0.815526 0.870259 like (S. cerevisiae) CUUUGG AUCUCUU 8476 CDC42BPA CDC42 NM_003607 TCGGAA 7.27E−02 0.175345 0.22775 binding NM_014826 AGATAT protein ACCCTG kinase TAT alpha (DMPK- like) 8476 CDC42BPA CDC42 NM_003607 CAGATA 0.645069 0.50481 0.342163 binding NM_014826 ATAGTC protein GGAAAC kinase AAA alpha (DMPK- like) 8558 CDK10 cyclin- NM_001098533 TCCGAA 0.463 0.383363 0.211016 dependent NM_003674 CATCGT kinase 10 NM_052987 GGAGCT NM_052988 GAA 8558 CDK10 cyclin- NM_001098533 CCGGAA 0.874208 0.429681 0.269138 dependent NM_003674 GCAGCC kinase 10 NM_052987 CTACAA NM_052988 CAA 8570 KHSRP KH-type NM_003685 CAGGAT 0.805663 0.403406 0.26193 splicing TCAGGC regulatory TGCAAA protein GTA 8570 KHSRP KH-type NM_003685 CAGAGG 1.054217 0.845019 0.616769 splicing AGGTGA regulatory ACAAAT protein TAA 8677 STX10 syntaxin NM_003765 CAGAGA 0.214973 0.305058 0.269075 10 GATACT CGCAGG CAA 8677 STX10 syntaxin NM_003765 CAGCAG 0.722484 0.528514 0.424263 10 CTGATC ATGGAT GAA 8831 SYNGAP1 synaptic NM_001130066 CAGAGC 0.050958 0.172959 0.267611 Ras NM_006772 AGTGGT GTPase ACCCTG activating TAA protein 1 homolog (rat) 8831 SYNGAP1 synaptic NM_001130066 CCCGGC 1.150128 0.756403 0.49555 Ras NM_006772 TGATGC GTPase AAAGCT activating TTA protein 1 homolog (rat) 8837 CFLAR CASP8 NM_003879 UGGGAG 0.418375 0.551165 0.548836 and AUUCAU FADD- GCCCUUA like apoptosis regulator 8837 CFLAR CASP8 NM_003879 UCCCAG 0.619186 0.907136 1.3807 and AUUCUU FADD- GGCCAAU like apoptosis regulator 9114 ATP6V0D1 ATPase, NM_004691 CACTTT 7.52E−02 0.146686 0.158776 H+ CATGTT transporting, CCTCCC lysosomal TAA 38 kDa, V0 subunit d1 9114 ATP6V0D1 ATPase, NM_004691 CCGCGC 8.39E−02 0.154211 0.174533 H+ CTTCAT transporting, CATCAC lysosomal CAT 38 kDa, V0 subunit d1 9135 RABEP1 rabaptin, NM_001083585 CTGGAA 0.755622 0.50611 0.315664 RAB NM_004703 GACTTC GTPase ATAAAG binding CAA effector protein 1 9135 RABEP1 rabaptin, NM_001083585 CAGGAT 0.565565 0.635827 0.623721 RAB NM_004703 AAAGCC GTPase GAACTG binding GTA effector protein 1 9149 DYRK1B dual- NM_004714 CCGGAC 0.765068 0.246721 0.178211 specificity NM_006483 CTACCG tyrosine- NM_006484 CTACAG (Y)- CAA phosphorylation regulated kinase 1B 9149 DYRK1B dual- NM_006483 /5Phos/rAr 1.207635 0.735478 0.490083 specificity CrCrArGr tyrosine- CrArUrGr (Y)- ArCrArCr phosphorylation GrGrArGr regulated ArUrGrAr kinase 1B ArGTA 9159 PCSK7 proprotein NM_004716 UGUGGC 0.33102 0.361034 0.349578 convertase UUCCAA subtilisin/kexin UCAAGUU type 7 9159 PCSK7 proprotein NM_004716 TAGCTA 0.428791 0.418948 0.435923 convertase TGACCT subtilisin/kexin CAACTC type 7 TAA 9180 OSMR oncostatin NM_003999 TAGCAT 0.81907 0.581167 0.374424 M receptor AGATTG TCAAAT GTA 9180 OSMR oncostatin NM_003999 TAGCTC 0.450698 0.655214 0.567893 M receptor TAATCT AATATA TAA 9201 DCLK1 doublecortin NM_004734 /5Phos/rGr 0.478794 0.631689 0.674095 and GrCrUrCr CaM CrUrCrUr kinase-like 1 ArCrGrUr CrArCrUr UrGrCrGr UrCGG 9201 DCLK1 doublecortin- NM_004734 CUGGAG 0.810976 0.767491 0.537712 like UACACC kinase 1 AAGAAUG 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, NM_004218 CACGGA 0.250073 0.75657 1.172027 member CGGACA RAS GAAGCC oncogene CAA family 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, NM_004218 CGAGTT 0.464859 0.384468 0.256445 member CAACCT RAS GGAGAG oncogene CAA family 9231 DLG5 discs, NM_004747 ACGGAA 0.619677 0.552558 0.469538 large CTTGAT homolog 5 ACAGCA (Drosophila) CAA 9231 DLG5 discs, NM_004747 TTCGAG 0.842671 0.659563 0.536921 large TAACTT homolog 5 GCAGTT (Drosophila) CAA 9256 BZRAP1 benzodiazapine NM_004758 CCGCCG 0.288357 0.376875 0.280788 receptor NM_024418 TCTGGT (peripheral) GGTCCT associated CAA protein 1 9256 BZRAP1 benzodiazapine NM_004758 CACAGT 0.580913 0.683818 0.759732 receptor NM_024418 GAGTAT (peripheral) GTAACT associated TGA protein 1 9276 COPB2 coatomer ACGATT 6.67E−02 0.15003 0.165489 protein CTTCAG complex, AGTATG subunit CAA beta 2 (beta prime) 9276 COPB2 coatomer CAGGTT 6.83E−02 0.151774 0.171681 protein TCAAGG complex, GTAGTG subunit AAA beta 2 (beta prime) 9448 MAP4K4 mitogen- NM_004834 AGGCAA 0.1931 0.431206 0.607845 activated NM_145686 GATCCT protein NM_145687 ACCCGG kinase AAA kinase kinase kinase 4 9448 MAP4K4 mitogen- NM_145686 CGCAAU 0.743605 0.640673 0.517063 activated GACAAG protein GUGUUCU kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 9464 HAND2 heart and NM_021973 ATCCGG 1.10595 0.724618 0.485519 neural TTTATTT crest ATGTGC derivatives AA expressed 2 9464 HAND2 heart and NM_021973 CCGGCG 1.001765 0.750794 0.503635 neural TGGGCG crest AATTCA derivatives GAA expressed 2 9509 ADAMTS2 ADAM NM_014244 CCGCCG 0.508142 0.509194 0.507483 metallopeptidase GAGGCT with GGACCA thrombospondin CAA type 1 motif, 2 9509 ADAMTS2 ADAM NM_014244 GACAGG 2.018481 0.956037 0.54172 metallopeptidase CAAGTT with CATCTT thrombospondin AAA type 1 motif, 2 9575 CLOCK clock NM_004898 ATCCAG 0.125417 0.215884 0.196234 homolog CAACTT (mouse) GCACCT ATA 9575 CLOCK clock NM_004898 AAGGAG 0.966905 0.814213 0.585925 homolog CCATCT (mouse) ACCTAT GAA 9578 CDC42BPB CDC42 NM_006035 /5Phos/rUr 0.937695 0.510266 0.270826 binding GrCrUrAr protein CrArCrGr kinase CrCrGrAr beta GrArUrAr (DMPK- UrUrCrCr like) ArUTG 9578 CDC42BPB CDC42 NM_006035 GCUCAG 0.495356 0.475883 0.366922 binding AUUGCG protein GAAAUCA kinase beta (DMPK- like) 9625 AATK apoptosis- NM_001080395 TCCGCT 0.158789 0.276193 0.257094 associated XM_001128317 GAGATC tyrosine AGAAGG kinase CAA 9625 AATK apoptosis- NM_001080395 CCGGTT 1.24573 0.776562 0.501556 associated XM_001128317 CCGCTG tyrosine AGATCA kinase GAA 9641 IKBKE “inhibitor NM_014002 /5Phos/rUr 8.75E−02 0.112448 0.112461 of kappa GrGrUrCr light UrGrArCr polypeptide UrGrArGr gene CrCrUrAr enhancer ArArGrUr in B-cells, UrGUG kinase epsilon” 9641 IKBKE “inhibitor NM_014002 /5Phos/rGr 0.457277 0.291264 0.183248 of kappa GrCrCrAr light GrGrGrCr polypeptide UrUrGrGr gene CrUrArCr enhancer ArArCrGr in B-cells, ArGGG kinase epsilon” 9943 OXSR1 oxidative- NM_005109 TAGGGA 0.627872 0.57446 0.4758 stress CTAACT responsive 1 ATAGCA CAA 9943 OXSR1 oxidative- NM_005109 CTGGAG 0.540509 0.651843 0.761957 stress TAGGGA responsive 1 CTAACT ATA 9972 NUP153 nucleoporin NM_005124 CACCAT 0.767619 0.483003 0.357973 153 kDa TATGTG CGCTGA TAA 9972 NUP153 nucleoporin NM_005124 ATGGAA 0.615664 0.780725 0.717573 153 kDa CGCGTT GAAATT GTA 10036 CHAF1A chromatin NM_005483 AAGGAA 2.21111 0.464002 0.243969 assembly GAAGAG factor 1, AAACGG subunit A TTA (p150) 10036 CHAF1A chromatin NM_005483 CTGCCC 0.618131 0.701682 0.709722 assembly TTTAAT factor 1, AAAGCA subunit A TTA (p150) 10055 SAE1 SUMO1 NM_005500 TCCGAC 0.378247 0.29101 0.21647 activating TACTTT enzyme CTCCTT subunit 1 CAA 10055 SAE1 SUMO1 NM_005500 CTGGAG 1.156138 0.641483 0.361527 activating CAGTGA enzyme GAAAGC subunit 1 AAA 10105 PPIF peptidylprolyl NM_005729 CCGCGT 0.540586 0.410111 0.251383 isomerase F GGTGCT GGAGCT GAA 10105 PPIF peptidylprolyl NM_005729 ATGGAT 0.305517 0.459767 0.5028 isomerase F TTGTGT (cyclophilin TCACCT F) TAA 10114 HIPK3 homeodomain NM_005734 CAGCCT 1.264034 0.730655 0.3141 interacting TACAGG protein GTTAAA kinase 3 GTA 10114 HIPK3 homeodomain NM_005734 /5Phos/rUr 0.422791 0.520572 0.506432 interacting GrCrArGr protein ArUrUrGr kinase 3 UrCrGrAr UrGrArAr UrUrGrUr CrCUG 10155 TRIM28 tripartite NM_005762 /5Phos/rUr 0.122321 0.122916 0.121966 motif- GrGrUrGr containing ArArCrGr 28 UrArCrUr GrUrCrUr ArUrUrGr CrAAC 10155 TRIM28 tripartite NM_005762 CTGGCC 0.588564 0.789219 0.951407 motif- CTATTC containing TGTCAC 28 GAA 10159 ATP6AP2 ATPase, NM_005765 AAGGAC 0.102176 0.165671 0.178401 H+ TATCCT transporting, TGAGGC lysosomal AAA accessory protein 2 10159 ATP6AP2 ATPase, NM_005765 CAAGTG 0.109724 0.178377 0.184493 H+ CTACAT transporting, GATATT lysosomal TCA accessory protein 2 10181 RBM5 RNA NM_005778 CGCGTC 0.644015 0.460475 0.283885 binding TTTAGC motif TGTCAA protein 5 TAA 10181 RBM5 RNA NM_005778 AGGCAG 0.803528 0.812717 0.543793 binding CGCAUA motif UGGUUUG protein 5 10188 TNK2 tyrosine NM_001010938 ACGCAA 0.233498 0.481276 0.528621 kinase, NM_005781 GTCGTG non- GATGAG receptor, 2 TAA 10188 TNK2 tyrosine NM_001010938 CAGGAT 0.629845 0.694594 0.602624 kinase, NM_005781 CTTGTG non- CCTGGA receptor, 2 AAT 10280 OPRS1 opioid NM_005866 CCGGCT 8.38E−02 0.17573 0.178957 receptor, NM_147157 TGAGCT sigma 1 NM_147158 CACCAC NM_147159 CTA NM_147160 10280 OPRS1 opioid NM_005866 CAGCGT 0.559791 0.331307 0.213019 receptor, NM_147157 CTTCCA sigma 1 NM_147158 TTCCAG NM_147159 AAA NM_147160 10291 SF3A1 splicing NM_001005409 CAGGAT 0.282749 0.544105 0.546887 factor 3a, NM_005877 AAGACG subunit 1, GAATGG 120 kDa AAA 10291 SF3A1 splicing NM_001005409 CGCAAG 0.323336 0.642313 0.754521 factor 3a, NM_005877 GATTAT subunit 1, GATCCC 120 kDa AAA 10297 APC2 adenomatosis NM_005883 GCAGCA 0.423287 0.24725 0.188822 polyposis CAAGAC coli 2 GCAGAGA 10297 APC2 adenomatosis NM_005883 CCGCGG 0.622717 0.686279 0.713913 polyposis TCTCTG coli 2 GACAAT CAA 10381 TUBB3 tubulin, NM_006086 TTGCTG 0.386364 0.519886 0.517537 beta 3 TCAGAT ACCCTT AAA 10381 TUBB3 tubulin, NM_006086 CACGGT 0.518898 0.523853 0.448388 beta 3 GGTGGA GCCCTA CAA 10595 ERN2 endoplasmic NM_033266 CAGGGA 0.247657 0.289822 0.211877 reticulum TTAATG to nucleus AAACTG signaling 2 CCA 10595 ERN2 endoplasmic NM_033266 CAGCCA 0.542013 0.516073 0.393275 reticulum CTCGAC to nucleus GACCCT signaling 2 GAA 10616 RBCK1 chromosome NM_006462 ATGGAC 0.551853 0.676003 0.653166 20 GAGAAG open ACCAAG reading AAA frame 18 10616 RBCK1 RanBP- NM_006462 AGGGAU 1.44113 0.831024 0.556541 type and GGUGCU C3HC4- UCUUUGA type zinc finger containing 1 10725 NFAT5 nuclear NM_001113178 CAGCTG 0.174129 0.248752 0.241634 factor of NM_006599 GTGCTT activated NM_138713 TGAATG T-cells 5, NM_138714 TAA tonicity- NM_173214 responsive NM_173215 10725 NFAT5 nuclear NM_001113178 CAGGAG 0.847579 0.61692 0.487828 factor of NM_006599 TGCCAG activated NM_138713 AAATCT T-cells 5, NM_138714 TAA tonicity- NM_173214 responsive NM_173215 10733 PLK4 polo-like NM_014264 UGCCAC 0.409727 0.651994 0.757159 kinase 4 AUGAAA (Drosophila) AGCACUA 10733 PLK4 polo-like NM_014264 /5Phos/rCr 0.471899 0.541103 0.425052 kinase 4 CrArGrUr (Drosophila) UrArCrUr UrCrGrUr ArGrArAr ArUrCrCr ArGCC 10783 NEK6 NIMA NM_014397 /5Phos/rGr 0.14093 0.199122 0.189364 (never in CrArCrUr mitosis ArCrUrCr gene a)- CrGrArGr related ArArGrUr kinase 6 UrArCrGr ArGGC 10783 NEK6 NIMA NM_014397 ACCACG 0.904584 0.741075 0.496828 (never in GAAGTC mitosis GAGAAT gene a)- TAA related kinase 6 10849 CD3EAP CD3c NM_012099 CAAGGG 0.135737 0.213669 0.215571 molecule, CAAATT epsilon GGCAGG associated CAA protein 10849 CD3EAP CD3c NM_012099 CAGATT 0.468259 0.300434 0.242723 molecule, AACACT epsilon GAGCCT associated CTA protein 11113 CIT “citron NM_007174 /5Phos/rGr 0.611229 0.506807 0.355392 (rho- GrCrGrCr interacting, CrArArCr serine/threonine GrArCrGr kinase ArGrArUr 21)” UrGrUrAr CrAGG 11113 CIT citron NM_007174 GCAGAA 0.638261 0.655565 0.669154 (rho- GCUGAU interacting, GCUAAAC serine/threonine kinase 21) 11213 IRAK3 interleukin-1 NM_007199 /5Phos/rGr 0.484904 0.415173 0.336834 receptor- CrArArCr associated GrCrGrGr kinase 3 GrCrArAr ArGrUrUr ArArGrAr CrCGC 11213 IRAK3 interleukin-1 NM_007199 /5Phos/rGr 0.727639 0.606541 0.512301 receptor- CrCrArGr associated UrCrUrGr kinase 3 ArGrGrUr UrArUrGr UrUrUrCr UrGGC 11214 AKAP13 A kinase NM_006738 CAGGAT 0.830141 0.712512 0.540373 (PRKA) NM_007200 TACACT anchor NM_144767 GAAAGT protein 13 AAT 11214 AKAP13 A kinase NM_006738 CCGCCT 1.229575 0.818424 0.550188 (PRKA) NM_007200 GTTTGG anchor NM_144767 GTTAAC protein 13 AAA 22820 COPG coatomer NM_016128 CCGAGC 0.178853 0.252974 0.263188 protein CACCTT complex, CTACCT subunit AAA gamma 22820 COPG coatomer NM_016128 AGGCCC 0.286045 0.372547 0.404956 protein GTGTAT complex, TTAATG subunit AAA gamma 23049 SMG1 Pl-3- NM_015092 ATCGAT 0.153199 0.278908 0.309076 kinase- GTTGCC related AGACTA kinase CTA SMG-1 23049 SMG1 Pl-3- NM_015092 /5Phos/rUr 0.499316 0.467566 0.388136 kinase- GrGrUrCr related UrUrGrAr kinase ArCrArUr SMG-1 CrCrUrAr UrUrGrGr CrAUG 23216 TBC1D1 TBC1 (tre- NM_015173 AGCCGA 1.534564 0.719609 0.425221 2/USP6, UGAUCA BUB2, AACAAAA cdc16) domain family, member 1 23216 TBC1D1 TBC1 (tre- NM_015173 CAGUCA 1.356796 0.840668 0.527817 2/USP6, UGACCC BUB2, AAGUUAC cdc16) domain family, member 1 23352 UBR4 ubiquitin NM_020765 CTGCGT 0.162106 0.143455 0.139738 protein GAAGGT ligase E3 GAAAGT component CAA n-recognin 4 23352 UBR4 ubiquitin NM_020765 CAGCAG 0.375645 0.379222 0.31352 protein GGTTAT ligase E3 GCCCTT component AAA n-recognin 4 23386 NUDCD3 NudC NM_015332 CCCTGC 0.862084 0.297446 0.179248 domain TTTAAT containing 3 AAACAG CAA 23386 NUDCD3 NudC NM_015332 CTCCTT 0.786834 0.721583 0.624745 domain GGTGTT containing 3 GGTTTG CAA 23387 KIAA0999 KIAA0999 NM_025164 CAGGCA 0.484382 0.361982 0.267667 protein GGCGTG TAACAA GAA 23387 KIAA0999 KIAA0999 NM_025164 CTCCTA 0.777993 0.447162 0.354917 protein GTCTTT CATCCT GAA 23396 PlP5K1C phosphatidylinositol- NM_012398 CCGCGT 0.920965 0.786796 0.587757 4- CGTGGT phosphate CATGAA 5-kinase, CAA type I, gamma 23396 PlP5K1C phosphatidylinositol- NM_012398 GACGGC 0.646516 0.638882 0.723557 4- GAGAGC phosphate GACACA 5-kinase, TAA type I, gamma 23534 TNPO3 transportin 3 NM_012470 ACCGAA 0.499711 0.929678 1.308681 TGTCTT AGTGAA CTA 23534 THPO3 transportin 3 NM_012470 CTGGGA 1.263664 0.936638 0.641943 GATCAT GCAGGT TGA 23552 CCRK cell cycle NM_001039803 TGGCGA 0.108309 0.191145 0.221822 related NM_012119 GATAGT kinase NM_178432 TGCCCT CAA 23552 CCRK cell cycle NM_001039803 AAGGAG 0.246706 0.43947 0.593387 related NM_012119 AAGTGC kinase NM_178432 AGAGAG TAA 23604 DAPK2 death- NM_014326 /5Phos/rUr 6.30E−02 0.128727 0.133498 associated CrCrCrGr protein CrCrGrAr kinase 2 UrUrGrUr ArUrGrUr UrCrCrAr GrGUC 23604 DAPK2 death- NM_014326 CGGAAT 0.27587 0.180591 0.159053 associated TTGTTG protein CTCCAG kinase 2 AAA 23765 IL17RA interleukin NM_014339 CAGCGG 3.90E−02 0.117003 0.178157 17 TCTGGT receptor TATCGT CTA 23765 IL17RA interleukin NM_014339 CCUCGA 0.880995 0.439163 0.255673 17 GGGUGC receptor A AGAGUUA 23770 FKBP8 FK506 NM_012181 CTGCCA 0.159019 0.23809 0.246402 binding GGAACT protein 8, GACCAC 38 kDa CTA 23770 FKBP8 FK506 NM_012181 CTCCTA 0.461388 0.561349 0.549438 binding CGACCT protein 8, CGCCAT 38 kDa CAA 25831 HECTD1 HECT NM_015382 ACGGAA 0.557086 0.327846 0.233436 domain CGGAGA containing 1 UCAGAAA 25831 HECTD1 HECT NM_015382 CAGGAC 0.949081 0.648627 0.406225 domain TGGCAG containing 1 AATGTT GAA 27092 CACNG4 calcium NM_014405 UCGGUA 1.033245 0.548586 0.258206 channel, UCAUCG voltage- UCUACAU dependent, gamma subunit 4 27092 CACNG4 calcium NM_014405 CTAGGT 0.440471 0.575301 0.660781 channel, GGTTAC voltage- AAATCA dependent, TAA gamma subunit 4 27347 STK39 “serine NM_013233 /5Phos/rGr 0.783287 0.495624 0.266388 threonine GrCrCrCr kinase 39 ArCrCrCr (STE20/SPS1 ArArUrGr homolog, CrUrArAr yeast)” UrGrArAr GrAGG 27347 STK39 serine NM_013233 GGGAUU 0.495515 0.515066 0.353855 threonine UGAAAG kinase 39 CUGGUAA (STE20/SPS1 homolog, yeast) 28996 HIPK2 homeodomain NM_022740 GGUGAA 0.548999 0.472571 0.298812 interacting CAUGAC protein GACAGAU kinase 2 28996 HIPK2 homeodomain NM_022740 /5Phos/rGr 0.843731 0.7074 0.54996 interacting CrGrArUr protein CrCrArAr kinase 2 GrCrGrUr GrUrCrAr ArGrGrAr GrAGC 29035 C16orf72 chromosome NM_014117 CAGGCT 0.216942 0.320613 0.362356 16 CTCCTA open CACATG reading TAA frame 72 29035 C16orf72 chromosome NM_014117 AAGCAT 0.410237 0.417257 0.412663 16 TTGGCT open GAATCT reading AAA frame 72 29110 TBK1 TANK- NM_013254 AAAGCG 1.348321 0.538185 0.265564 binding GCAGAG kinase 1 TTAGGT GAA 29110 TBK1 TANK- NM_013254 AGCCUU 0.311353 0.359205 0.272702 binding CUGGUG kinase 1 CAAUAUA 29127 RACGAP1 Rac NM_001126103 CACCAC 1.18459 0.576036 0.23423 GTPase NM_001126104 AGACAC activating NM_013277 CAGATA protein 1 TTA 29127 RACGAP1 Rac NM_013277 CTGGTA 0.980009 0.752819 0.547148 GTPase GATAGA activating AGAGCT protein 1 AAA 29882 ANAPC2 anaphase NM_013366 AAGGTT 0.620776 0.579298 0.344874 promoting CTTCTA complex CCGCAT subunit 2 CTA 29882 ANAPC2 anaphase NM_013366 GAGAGT 0.356716 0.597909 0.693865 promoting CTATAT complex GCAGAG subunit 2 TAA 29959 NRBP1 nuclear NM_013392 GAGGGA 0.75538 0.606244 0.412195 receptor GUUCAU binding UCAAAAG protein 1 29959 NRPB1 nuclear NM_013392 AGGCGA 0.671267 0.700287 0.583559 receptor GAAGAG binding GTGAAT protein 1 CAA 30811 HUNK hormonally NM_014586 CACGGG 0.173145 0.324067 0.392618 up- CAAAGT regulated GCCCTG Neu- TAA associated kinase 30811 HUNK hormonally NM_014586 AACTAA 0.653918 0.553241 0.377212 up- GTACGT regulated TGCAAA Neu- TAA associated kinase 30815 ST6GALNAC6 ST6 NM_013443 CTCAAT 0.214406 0.234412 0.228304 (alpha-N- TTCCAG acetyl- CACCAG neuraminyl- AAA 2,3-beta- galactosyl- 1,3)-N- acetylgalactosaminide alpha- 2,6- sialyltransferase 6 30815 ST6GALNAC6 ST6 NM_013443 CCGGAG 0.594639 0.60538 0.524858 (alpha-N- AGAAAT acetyl- GAGTAG neuraminyl- AAA 2,3-beta- galactosyl- 1,3)-N- acetylgalactosaminide alpha- 2,6- sialyltransferase 6 30849 PIK3R4 phosphoinositide- NM_014602 CAAGCA 0.796839 0.623728 0.416338 3- ATGCGT kinase, GGACTT regulatory TAA subunit 4 30849 PIK3R4 phosphoinositide- NM_014602 AAGCAG 1.121535 0.708538 0.453707 3- AATTCT kinase, AGATCA regulatory GAA subunit 4 50488 MINK1 misshapen- NM_001024937 CACGTA 0.547035 0.612468 0.645602 like CGGGCG kinase 1 CATCAT (zebrafish) TAA 50488 MINK1 misshapen- NM_001024937 /5Phos/rGr 0.977889 0.770388 0.593061 like ArCrUrCr kinase 1 UrArCrGr (zebrafish) CrCrGrGr GrArGrUr UrUrCrUr CrCGG 51061 TXNDC11 thioredoxin NM_015914 CCUCAA 0.586139 0.484452 0.327265 domain GGAGCA containing GACCUUU 11 51061 TXNDC11 thioredoxin NM_015914 UCCCUC 1.244746 0.746845 0.454411 domain AAUCAC containing AUCUUCA 11 51172 NAGPA N- NM_016256 CACAGG 0.890004 0.552641 0.368601 acetylglucosamine- AGACAG 1- GTTCCT phosphodiester TTA alpha-N- acetylglucosaminidase 51172 NAGPA N- NM_016256 TTGAAT 0.823518 0.706441 0.513843 acetylglucosamine- AAATTG 1- ATATAA phosphodiester TAA alpha-N- acetylglucosaminidase 51257 2-Mar membrane- NM_001005416 CACGCT 0.17639 0.409973 0.605235 associated GGGTGC RING-CH CGTGCA protein II TAA 51257 2-Mar membrane- NM_001005416 ACCAGA 1.54109 0.543491 0.319701 associated AAGUUC ring finger GCCUGAA (C3HC4)2 51390 AIG1 androgen- NM_016108 CAGAGA 6.09E−02 0.172115 0.217546 induced 1 GATGAT ATACCC GAA 51390 AIG1 androgen- NM_016108 CAGATG 0.528202 0.786131 0.838113 induced 1 TTTCTC ATTGCA TAA 51393 TRPV2 transient NM_016113 CAGAGG 0.445984 0.446812 0.360887 receptor ATCTTT potential CCAACC cation ACA channel, subfamily V, member 2 51393 TRPV2 transient NM_016113 CCAGTG 0.533687 0.527503 0.361642 receptor AATTCT potential GGTGGC cation AAA channel, subfamily V, member 2 51422 PRKAG2 protein NM_016203 AAGCGC 0.653226 0.522137 0.410823 kinase, GGTTAT AMP- GGACAC activated, CAA gamma 2 non- catalytic subunit 51422 PRKAG2 protein NM_001040633 AAGCAC 1.1612 0.742033 0.446127 kinase, NM_016203 GAGCCT AMP- GAACGG activated, TTA gamma 2 non- catalytic subunit 51526 C20orf111 chromosome NM_016470 CACAAT 0.692027 0.283994 0.170751 20 GAAATC open CGAAGC reading CAA frame 111 51526 C20orf111 chromosome NM_016470 ACAGAT 0.888514 0.652474 0.5125 20 GATACC open AAACCT reading AAA frame 111 54507 ADAMTSL4 ADAMTS- NM_019032 CAGAAC 0.904116 0.559864 0.422927 like 4 NM_025008 CTCTAA GCCCGG AAA 54507 ADAMTSL4 ADAMTS- NM_019032 CAGCCT 0.567265 0.644393 0.595544 like 4 NM_025008 TTAACT CCCAGG AAT 54776 PPP1R12C protein NM_017607 TTGGAG 0.282736 0.461529 0.382121 phosphatase GAACTG 1, GCCCGG regulatory AAA (inhibitor) subunit 12C 54776 PPP1R12C protein NM_017607 CAGGAG 0.634139 0.625609 0.435292 phosphatase GACCTT 1, CGGAAC regulatory CAA (inhibitor) subunit 12C 54866 PPP1R14D protein NM_001130143 GAGCCT 0.398403 0.617039 0.584702 phosphatase NM_017726 GAGATT 1, GACCTG regulatory GAA (inhibitor) subunit 14D 54866 PPP1R14D protein NM_017726 CAGGAG 0.492554 0.488339 0.428571 phosphatase CTCTTC 1, CAGGAT regulatory CAA (inhibitor) subunit 14D 54980 C2orf42 chromosome NM_017880 CTGCTC 0.553707 0.244234 0.160061 2 open TTAGCT reading AAGATG frame 42 CAA 54980 C2orf42 chromosome NM_017880 CAGCGG 0.223761 0.311811 0.318977 2 open TCTTAA reading AGAGAT frame 42 TAT 54991 C1orf159 chromosome NM_001114103 CAGAAA 0.34693 0.395632 0.468466 1 open NM_017891 TTCATT reading GTGCAG frame 159 AAA 54991 C1orf159 chromosome NM_001114103 CAGGGC 0.898839 0.551028 0.415977 1 open NM_017891 CTGCTA reading CAGAAG frame 159 AAA 55229 PANK4 pantothenate NM_018216 GCGAGT 0.644987 0.579173 0.558438 kinase 4 GGCTTC AGAGAT TAA 55229 PANK4 pantothenate NM_018216 TCGACA 0.78876 0.728918 0.595593 kinase 4 TAGGCG GGTCGT TAA 55577 NAGK N- NM_017567 CCCGGT 0.61936 0.3689 0.32434 acetylglucosamine CTTGTT kinase CCAGGG CAA 55577 NAGK N- NM_017567 ACCTGA 0.60317 0.662899 0.778051 acetylglucosamine GTGAAA kinase GCTACT TAA 55652 SLC48A1 solute NM_017842 CAGGAC 9.36E−02 0.203141 0.211676 carrier GAGTGT family 48 GGTCTC (heme CCA transporter), member 1 55652 SLC48A1 solute NM_017842 CTGGAC 0.134167 0.230319 0.258812 carrier CTATGC family 48 TGCAGG (heme CAA transporter), member 1 55850 USE1 unconventional NM_018467 ACCGGC 0.943641 0.704182 0.388538 SNARE in CTCTGA the ER 1 GGTGAT homolog CAA (S. cerevisiae) 55850 USE1 unconventional NM_018467 CTCAGA 0.88735 0.751997 0.510263 SNARE in GAAAGC the ER 1 ACTGGC homolog CAA (S. cerevisiae) 55851 PSENEN presenilin NM_172341 CTCCCA 0.103563 0.308653 0.372125 enhancer 2 GGACAG homolog GCTCCT (C. elegans) TAA 55851 PSENEN presenilin NM_172341 CTCGCC 0.373705 0.516368 0.56146 enhancer 2 CAAAGA AGACTA CAA 55872 PBK PDZ NM_018492 /5Phos/rAr 0.199475 0.112877 0.103714 binding GrCrArUr kinase ArCrUrAr UrGrCrAr GrCrGrUr UrGrGrGr ArAAG 55872 PBX PDZ NM_018492 AACGCT 0.209704 0.426522 0.643573 binding GTAAAC kinase TGTAAC ATT 56164 STK31 serine/threonine NM_031414 /5Phos/rCr 0.188272 0.173177 0.142995 kinase 31 CrGrUrCr UrUrGrUr ArGrCrAr UrUrGrUr UrCrCrAr ArAGA 56164 STK31 serine/threonine NM_032944 GCUCUA 0.810521 0.643003 0.39586 kinase 31 CUCAGA UGGAAAU 56300 IL1F9 interleukin NM_019618 AGAGAG 0.667376 0.56949 0.44053 1 family, ACCAGC member 9 CCAUCAU 56300 IL1F9 interleukin NM_019618 CAGGAG 0.542503 0.673445 0.68882 1 family, AGCTGG member 9 GTGGTA TAA 56311 ANKRD7 ankyrin NM_001077708 CACCTT 0.333656 0.470028 0.432781 repeat NM_019644 ATTCTT domain 7 GGCACT ACA 56311 ANKRD7 ankyrin NM_001077708 AAGGAT 0.568311 0.691346 0.677036 repeat NM_019644 GGGTAT domain 7 ACTCCA CTA 56660 KCNK12 potassium NM_022055 CTGCAT 0.619404 0.471415 0.388128 channel, TTACTC subfamily GCTCTT K, CAA member 12 56660 KCNK12 potassium NM_022055 CTGGCG 0.84876 0.68778 0.512211 channel, CTTTCTT subfamily AATCTT K, TA member 12 56893 UBQLN4 ubiquilin 4 NM_020131 CACACT 0.516835 0.379367 0.263475 GGCCTT TGTAAA TAA 56893 UBQLN4 ubiquilin 4 NM_020131 AGAGAT 0.529258 0.530628 0.403726 GCTAAT GGAATT TAA 56997 CABC1 chaperone, NM_020247 CGCGGA 0.489167 0.42863 0.373153 ABC1 CTTCAT activity of GCCACT bc1 GAA complex homolog (S. pombe) 56997 CABC1 chaperone, NM_020247 CAGGGT 0.429246 0.561566 0.598724 ABC1 CAGGAT activity of AAACAT bc1 GAA complex homolog (S. pombe) 57085 AGTRAP angiotensin NM_001040194 CAGGGA 0.638173 0.607386 0.502316 II NM_001040195 TTGCCT receptor- NM_001040196 GAACCA associated NM_001040197 AGA protein NM_020350 57085 AGTRAP angiotensin NM_001040194 TTGGGT 0.605429 0.664936 0.622262 II NM_001040195 CTTCTC receptor- NM_001040196 AGGACC associated NM_001040197 GTA protein NM_020350 57120 GOPC golgi NM_001017408 CACCGT 0.806975 0.665273 0.548127 associated NM_020399 ATTTAT PDZ and TTAGTC coiled-coil AAA motif containing 57120 GOPC golgi NM_001017408 CAGCTG 0.705161 0.590857 0.559338 associated NM_020399 CAGCTT PDZ and CATGCT coiled-coil AAA motif containing 57418 WDR18 WD repeat NM_024100 CACAGT 1.516436 0.441194 0.27642 domain 18 GGTGCT AGTCTG TTT 57418 WDR18 WD repeat NM_024100 CTGCAT 0.575068 0.597972 0.495122 domain 18 CGTGTG GGAACT TCA 57502 NLGN4X neuroligin NM_181332 CCGUUA 0.844051 0.732299 0.591261 4, X- CCCAAU linked GAGAUCU 57502 NLGN4X neuroligin NM_181332 UCCGAA 1.612589 0.873639 0.610177 4, X- AUACUA linked CUCAGUU 57534 MIB1 mindbomb NM_020774 GCUCUA 0.684692 0.5657 0.473094 homolog 1 AGGCAU (Drosophila) CACACUU 57534 MIB1 mindbomb NM_020774 ACCGAA 0.526567 0.687665 0.722057 homolog 1 TTACTA (Drosophila) CACCGG GAA 57551 TAOK1 TAO NM_020791 GGACAA 0.277376 0.396557 0.336157 kinase 1 UAUGAU GGCAAAG 57551 TAOK1 TAO NM_020791 CAGTGC 0.596057 0.630548 0.634735 kinase 1 TAAAGT ACTACT GAA 57579 FAM135A family NM_001105531 CAGCAA 0.627823 0.832351 0.890621 with NM_020819 TTACAT sequence TAAATT similarity CAA 135, member A 57579 FAM135A family NM_001105531 CACGAA 0.643343 0.760063 0.688994 with NM_020819 GAACTA sequence AGAATA similarity TTA 135, member A 58526 MID1IP1 MID1 NM_001098790 CAGCCA 0.990597 0.727648 0.484586 interacting NM_001098791 CTACGT protein 1 NM_021242 GCTTCT (gastrulation CAA specific G12 homolog (zebrafish)) 58526 MID1IP1 MID1 NM_001098790 CTCGCT 0.491054 0.579867 0.506256 interacting NM_001098791 CTTTAA protein 1 NM_021242 CGCCAT (gastrulation GAA specific G12 homolog (zebrafish)) 64284 RAB17 RAB17, NM_022449 AAGTGA 0.864384 0.527264 0.318025 member GATCCT RAS GGAAGT oncogene GAA family 64284 RAB17 RAB17, NM_022449 TCGCCT 0.358138 0.516395 0.444483 member GAGATA RAS TAAGTT oncogene GTA family 64601 VPS16 vacuolar NM_022575 CAGCAT 0.433574 0.341264 0.288715 protein NM_080413 GGACTG sorting 16 GGACCT homolog GAA (S. cerevisiae) 64601 VPS16 vacuolar NM_022575 CCGCAC 0.296463 0.45291 0.445158 protein NM_080413 GGAGCT sorting 16 NM_080414 GGCCAT homolog CAA (S. cerevisiae) 65220 NADK NAD NM_023018 CACGCA 0.478096 0.407404 0.336484 kinase CCTCAT GGAGGA GAA 65220 NADK NAD NM_023018 CCAGAC 0.447899 0.461939 0.505008 kinase CATCAT GCACAT TCA 79574 EPS8L3 EPS8-like 3 NM_024526 AGCCAT 0.350105 0.561952 0.529498 NM_133181 TTACTT NM_139053 GCACCG GAA 79574 EPS8L3 EPS8-like 3 NM_024526 CCGGAA 0.386201 0.458315 0.527572 NM_133181 GGAGTA NM_139053 CTCCCA GAA 79641 ROGD1 rogdi NM_024589 CAGGGC 0.555572 0.568837 0.481464 homolog TGTCTA (Drosophila) AGAAAT AAA 79641 ROGD1 rogdi NM_024589 AAGCAA 0.616731 0.691378 0.725866 homolog GAGAAC (Drosophila) TTCATC CTA 79705 LRRK1 leucine- NM_024652 CCCTGT 0.615454 0.567642 0.462564 rich repeat TTGTTT kinase 1 GCACAT AAT 79705 LRRK1 leucine- NM_024652 AGCGGA 0.850759 0.71624 0.496298 rich repeat GGAAUG kinase 1 AAAAUUG 79872 CBLL1 Cas-Br-M NM_024814 CGCGAA 0.27845 0.599651 0.642618 (murine) CTCAAA ecotropic GAACTA retroviral TAA transforming sequence- like 1 79872 CBLL1 Cas-Br-M NM_024814 GGGUGC 0.304778 0.563409 0.600037 (murine) AAGAGA ecotropic ACAUAUU retroviral transforming sequence- like 1 80231 CXorf21 chromosome NM_025159 GCACUC 0.393433 0.671994 0.667663 X open CUAGUC reading UCCAUAU frame 21 80231 CXorf21 chromosome NM_025159 AAGGTT 0.574544 0.621492 0.604511 X open GTGGAG reading TTATAT frame 21 AAA 80818 ZNF436 zinc finger NM_001077195 AACGAG 0.177787 0.326918 0.389789 protein NM_030634 GTAAAT 436 CCCAAG CAA 80818 ZNF436 zinc finger NM_001077195 ACACAT 0.794224 0.765622 0.599686 protein NM_030634 GTTCTT 436 GGTAAC TAA 84197 SGK196 protein NM_032237 CACGAT 9.06E−02 0.166383 0.187301 kinase-like GATCTC protein ATGCCC SgK196 TCA 84197 SGK196 protein NM_032237 AACACT 0.80003 0.600668 0.424152 kinase-like ATGCTT protein ACTGAA SgK196 TAT 89891 WDR34 WD repeat NM_052844 CATGGT 0.531012 0.438428 0.26305 domain 34 CATCCG AGAGCT GAA 89891 WDR34 WD repeat NM_052844 ACGGAG 0.419737 0.444796 0.427026 domain 34 CACCAA GCTCAA GAA 90736 FAM104B family NM_138362 CTGGGC 0.121512 0.232044 0.271558 with TTCCTG sequence GGTCAA similarity GTA 104, member B 90736 FAM104B family NM_138362 CCCAAT 0.612913 0.787792 1.049092 with TCCAAT sequence TCCTTG similarity TAA 104, member B 92579 G6PC3 glucose 6 NM_138387 CACATG 0.141286 0.377787 0.36247 phosphatase, TTCAGT GCCCAG catalytic, 3 GAA 92579 G6PC3 glucose 6 NM_138387 GTGGCT 0.142379 0.261952 0.303557 phosphatase, CAACCT catalytic, 3 CATCTT CAA 93611 FBXO44 F-box NM_001014765 UGUGAA 0.235476 0.396178 0.348825 protein 44 UGGAGG CGAUGAG 93611 FBXO44 F-box NM_001014765 CCCGAA 0.579048 0.773523 0.72998 protein 44 AGGTCT TGACCT GAA 93953 ACRC acidic NM_052957 CCCGAT 0.254396 0.245654 0.176945 repeat GACAAT containing AGTGAT GAT 93953 ACRC acidic NM_052957 TAGGTA 0.635969 0.73525 0.586576 repeat CTGTTA containing AGTAAG TAA 94234 FOXQ1 forkhead NM_033260 CTCCAT 0.299843 0.447654 0.503003 box Q1 CAAACG TGCCTT AAA 94234 FOXQ1 forkhead NM_033260 CGCGCG 0.648835 1.168153 2.107078 box Q1 GACTTT GCACTT TGA 96626 LIMS3 LIM and NM_033514 CAGCCT 0.879655 0.675756 0.549347 senescent TGACAG cell CGAAGA antigen- ATA like domains 3 96626 LIMS3 LIM and NM_033514 TCCAAG 0.819435 0.624426 0.591773 senescent GCTGCT cell AACAAA antigen- TAA like domains 3 113878 DTX2 deltex NM_020892 GCUUCA 0.53263 0.23332 0.154954 homolog 2 UCGAGC (Drosophila) AGCAGUU 113878 DTX2 deltex NM_001102594 CAAGAC 0.655186 0.468141 0.329376 homolog 2 NM_001102595 AGAGAT (Drosophila) NM_001102596 GGACCG NM_020892 CAA 114299 PALM2 paralemmin 2 AAGGCT 0.394215 0.514481 0.527585 GGACAA TCAAGC TTA 114299 PALM2 paralemmin 2 AAGGTG 0.595251 0.526448 0.412288 CTAGGC TATGAT GAA 114788 CSMD3 CUB and NM_198124 CACCCA 0.569442 0.608563 0.634163 Sushi GCCCAA multiple AGCUAAG domains 3 114788 CSMD3 CUB and NM_052900 CACGGT 0.591463 0.694551 0.75186 Sushi NM_198123 TTGCAC multiple NM_198124 AATGGT domains 3 ATA 114880 OSBPL6 oxysterol NM_032523 CAGGTT 1.096729 0.719444 0.45093 binding NM_145739 GTCAGT protein- GTAAAT like 6 ATT 114880 OSBPL6 oxysterol NM_032523 CACATT 1.158544 0.786005 0.534373 binding NM_145739 CTGAAT protein- GAATAA like 6 ATA 114971 PTPMT1 protein NM_175732 CACCTT 0.82162 0.282374 0.171973 tyrosine XM_374879 GGACAA phosphatase, CCTCCA mitochondrial 1 GAA 114971 PTPMT1 protein NM_175732 AACCTC 0.667621 0.627974 0.573823 tyrosine XM_374879 CAGAAG phosphatase, GGAGTC mitochondrial 1 CAA 115701 ALPK2 alpha- NM_052947 CGGCCT 0.649019 0.402734 0.303672 kinase 2 CATGCC TGTCTT CAA 115701 ALPK2 alpha- NM_052947 AGCGAA 0.94312 0.650214 0.487435 kinase 2 GACCTT GGCATT TAT 116447 TOP1MT topoisomerase NM_052963 CCAGAC 8.60E−02 0.17212 0.179116 (DNA) 1, GAAGAT mitochondrial CCAGGC AAA 116447 TOP1MT topoisomerase NM_052963 GACGAA 0.318731 0.312125 0.209861 (DNA) 1, GAUCCA mitochondrial GGCAAAG 118442 GPR62 G protein- NM_080865 TAGGCT 0.107637 0.34081 0.533706 coupled CCATTC receptor TGCCAT 62 CTA 118442 GPR62 G protein- NM_080865 CCCGCG 1.001052 0.434702 0.278245 coupled GGCACU receptor CUUGCAA 62 122525 C14orf28 chromosome NM_001017923 AACAAA 0.818519 0.61488 0.442405 14 XM_071793 GAGGAA open CATCAT reading TAT frame 28 122525 C14orf28 chromosome NM_001017923 AAGTCC 1.018714 0.678254 0.582497 14 XM_071793 ATAAAG open CTTCAT reading TAA frame 28 124583 CANT1 calcium NM_138793 CCAGAT 9.01E−02 0.15415 0.173949 activated CATTGT nucleotidase 1 GGCCCT CAA 124583 CANT1 calcium NM_138793 AAGCAG 0.741698 0.598363 0.422152 activated TTTCCTT nucleotidase 1 TCTTAT AA 126541 OR10H4 olfactory NM_001004465 CCCUCU 0.471744 0.394933 0.332012 receptor, CCGUCU family 10, CUGAGAU subfamily H, member 4 126541 OR10H4 olfactory NM_001004465 TTGAGG 0.840398 0.559888 0.481215 receptor, ATTCCC family 10, TCTGCC subfamily GAA H, member 4 127733 UBXN10 UBX NM_152376 CTGGTA 0.588716 0.584026 0.44886 domain AATAAC protein 10 CACAGT GTA 127733 UBXD3 UBX NM_152376 CACCAG 0.502515 0.577923 0.563379 domain GACTTG containing 3 AGCACA TAA 153571 C5orf38 chromosome NM_178569 CCGCCA 0.485237 0.506168 0.421594 5 open AAGAAT reading TTAGAA frame 38 CGA 153571 C5orf38 chromosome NM_178569 CCGCCT 0.433421 0.523087 0.751442 5 open CTGGCA reading GGACCT frame 38 GAA 166614 DCLK2 doublecort NM_152619 /5Phos/rCr 0.322198 0.197086 0.168504 in and GrGrUrGr CaM UrArCrCr kinase-like 2 GrCrGrGr GrArCrAr ArArUrCr CrUCG 166614 DCLK2 doublecort NM_001040261 GGUCAU 0.553155 0.461216 0.288162 in-like UGGUGA kinase 2 UGGCAAU 167681 PRSS35 protease, NM_153362 CCGTAG 0.247475 0.473915 0.486554 serine, 35 TGAGAT CACTTC ATA 167681 PRSS35 “protease, NM_153362 GGAGAA 0.255043 0.343875 0.302288 serine, 35” AGAGAC AGGUGUA 203068 TUBB tubulin, NM_178014 TGGGTA 0.342439 0.530177 0.554799 beta GAAGTC polypeptide ACTATA TAA 203068 TUBB tubulin, NM_178014 GGUCCU 0.513811 0.517138 0.367654 beta UUUGGC CAGAUCU 204851 HIPK1 homeodomain AGGGAA 0.274163 0.319688 0.319285 interacting GCTGTA protein CACCAC kinase 1 TAA 204851 HIPK1 homeodomain CAGGAG 0.482556 0.617195 0.699188 interacting TTCTCA protein CGCAGG kinase 1 GAA 254065 BRWD3 bromodomain NM_153252 CACAGT 0.862698 0.728217 0.464032 and TATTAC WD repeat TGCAGT domain GAA containing 3 254065 BRWD3 bromodomain NM_153252 AAGACA 0.994112 0.741188 0.590877 and GTCTTT WD repeat AAAGTG domain TAA containing 3 256126 SYCE2 synaptonemal NM_001105578 CAGGAA 0.539001 0.366574 0.260794 complex XM_497609 CAGCCT central GAAGAC element CAA protein 2 256126 SYCE2 synaptonemal NM_001105578 GAGGAT 0.61555 0.569485 0.372681 complex XM_497609 CTATCA central GATTTA element TAA protein 2 283455 KSR2 kinase NM_173598 /5Phos/rGr 3.49E−02 9.87E−02 0.123383 suppressor CrArUrCr of ras 2 CrGrGrUr GrArCrCr UrCrGrAr ArUrCrCr ArAGC 283455 KSR2 kinase NM_173598 ATCCGG 1.098794 0.769922 0.488615 suppressor TGACCT of ras 2 CGAATC CAA 284230 RPL36AP49 ribosomal XM_001721447 AAGCAT 0.427412 0.331614 0.261506 protein XM_208185 GGTTAA L36a XM_940333 CGTCCC pseudogene TAA 49 284230 RPL36AP49 ribosomal XM_001721447 AAGAGA 0.29842 0.454847 0.492654 protein XM_208185 ATGCTG L36a XM_940333 GCTATT pseudogene AAA 49 284366 KLK9 kallikrein- NM_012315 CACCTC 0.289869 0.242241 0.172264 related CTTCTT peptidase 9 GGAACA GCA 284366 KLK9 kallikrein- NM_012315 UGCCAC 0.599478 0.680461 0.700468 related UACCUU peptidase 9 GACUGGA 338599 DUPD1 dual NM_001003892 AGCGAC 1.393718 0.578739 0.29759 specificity GACCAC phosphatase AGUAAGA and pro isomerase domain containing 1 338599 DUPD1 DUPD1, NM_001003892 CCACAG 0.567546 0.633947 0.468889 dual TAAGAT specificity CCTGGT phosphatase TCA and pro isomerase domain containing 1 340024 SLC6A19 solute NM_001003841 CACGAA 0.145676 0.167331 0.193004 carrier CATCCT family 6 GACCCT (neutral CAT amino acid transporter), member 19 340024 SLC6A19 solute NM_001003841 CTCGGT 0.383281 0.487078 0.565148 carrier GATTGT family 6 GTCCAT (neutral CAT amino acid transporter), member 19 340260 UNCX UNC XM_294209 CTGGAT 0.234348 0.317787 0.341701 homeobox TCTGGT ACCCTC CGA 340260 UNCX UNC XM_935646 CCGCCA 0.755314 0.574473 0.502236 homeobox TGTGCC CTTCTC CAT 377841 ENTPD8 ectonucleoside NM_001033113 CACAGT 5.80E−02 0.132054 0.135708 triphosphate NM_198585 TGAAGG diphospho GACAGG hydrolase 8 CAA 377841 ENTPD8 ectonucleoside NM_001033113 CAGGGT 0.695552 0.486754 0.309951 triphosphate NM_198585 GGTGCT diphospho GGCCAC hydrolase 8 AGA 387082 SUMO4 SMT3 NM_001002255 TTGATG 0.571193 0.450638 0.335206 suppressor TGTTTC of mif two AACAGC 3 homolog CTA 4 (S. cerevisiae) 387082 SUMO4 SMT3 NM_001002255 TCCGAT 0.461921 0.728544 0.816882 suppressor TTGGTG of mif two GGCAAC 3 homolog CAA 4 (S. cerevisiae) 387911 RP11- collagen NM_001007537 CAGCAT 0.442321 0.529807 0.471774 45B20.2 triple helix TGTCCT repeal- GCAGCT containing GAA 387911 RP11- collagen NM_001007537 AAAGGA 0.481867 0.510741 0.458087 45B20.2 triple helix GATCGA repeal- GGAGAG containing AAA 401007 NF1L2 neurofibromin XM_496596 CTGGCT 0.299545 0.262081 0.278983 1-like 2 GCAAAT GGCCTC AAA 401007 NF1L2 neurofibromin XM_496596 TTCAGT 1.231267 0.83647 0.649473 1-like 2 ATTCTT GGACTC TTA 401665 OR51T1 olfactory NM_001004759 CTCATA 0.736597 0.467362 0.321872 receptor, GTTCAG family 51, TGTCTT subfamily CAA T, member 1 401665 OR51T1 olfactory NM_001004759 CAGCTT 1.564046 0.717321 0.372323 receptor, GAAGAC family 51, CAAGAC subfamily AAT T, member 1 440396 LOC440396 LOC388275, ATGGAT 4.99E−02 0.147806 0.192162 similar TTGGTA to ATGATG Heterogeneous GAA nuclear ribonucleo protein A1 (Helix- destabilizing protein) (Single- strand binding protein) (hnRNP core protein A1) (HDP-1) (Topoisomerase- inhibitor suppressed) 440396 LOC440396 LOC284387, ACGGAC 0.282308 0.373617 0.388951 similar TGTGTG to GTAATG Heterogeneous AGA nuclear ribonucleo protein A1 (Helix- destabilizing protein) (Single- strand binding protein) (hnRNP core protein A1) (HDP-1) (Topoisomerase- inhibitor suppressed) 440738 MAP1LC3C microtubule- NM_001004343 CCCGGT 0.394702 0.325085 0.239898 associated GGTAGT protein 1 GGAGCG light chain CTA 3 gamma 440738 MAP1LC3C microtubule- NM_001004343 CGCAAC 1.181658 0.570693 0.3015 associated CATGGC protein 1 AGAGAT light chain CTA 3 gamma 441239 LOC441239 hypothetical XM_001127100 AACTGA 0.394243 0.36773 0.353448 gene XM_001714484 CTTGCC supported XM_001715572 CGAATT by XM_496884 TAA BC063653 XM_499305 XM_935515 XM_938593 441239 LOC441239 hypothetical XM_001127100 AACCAG 1.354131 0.895284 0.611832 gene XM_001714484 GGCGAC supported XM_001715572 CTAGAA by XM_496884 GAA BC063653 XM_499305 XM_935515 XM_938593 441670 OR4M1 olfactory NM_001005500 CGUCUC 0.785715 0.602125 0.381486 receptor, UGCUGU family 4, AUCCUGG subfamily M, member 1 441670 OR4M1 olfactory NM_001005500 CCAGGA 0.38551 0.579294 0.663859 receptor, AAUAUC family 4, CUUAUCA subfamily M, member 1 643641 ZNF862 zinc finger NM_001099220 CCCGAT 0.489018 0.420056 0.353445 protein XM_376720 CTTCCTT 862 CCACCT AA 643641 LOC643641 KIAA0543, NM_001099220 AAGGTT 0.775603 0.656285 0.520766 KIAA0543 XM_376720 ATACAG protein GACCAT TCA 653712 LOC653712 hypothetical XM_001720301 CTGCAC 0.809138 0.500396 0.342834 LOC653712 XM_371663 GGAGCT XM_939842 TCTGGT GAA 653712 LOC653712 hypothetical XM_001720301 CAGGAT 0.540352 0.47637 0.464379 LOC653712 XM_371663 CTTGTT XM_939842 GCCATG GTG 728683 LOC728683 similar to XM_001128151 CACCAG 0.10453 0.160286 0.168011 LOC442421 XM_001732880 CCACTG protein XM_001732881 TCATGT TAA 728683 LOC728683 similar to XM_001128151 CAGAAT 0.758434 0.659482 0.604078 LOC442421 XM_001732880 CTGTCG protein XM_001732881 GGAATA ATA 730974 LOC730974 hypothetical XR_015335 TTCCGC 0.325924 0.375453 0.353821 LOC730974 XR_037751 CAAGAG GAAGCA TAA 730974 LOC730974 hypothetical XR_015335 TCGGAC 0.943748 0.602692 0.446416 LOC730974 XR_037126 TGTCTG XR_037751 CAGCAT CAA geneID AvgTox_Score siRNA_SCORE RSA_SCORE_LogP SCORE_OPI_Support SCORE_GOEnrich SCORE_DrugInformation 70 0.735303 0.21 0 0 0 70 0.7761 0.21 0 0 0 92 0.707438 0.79 0.3 0.5 1 0 92 0.704019 0.79 0.3 0.5 1 0 147 0.727126 0.81 0.45 0 1 147 1.046307 0.81 0.45 0 1 157 0.810805 0.97 0.82 0.5 1 0 157 0.77952 0.97 0.82 0.5 1 0 207 0.732886 0.86 0.81 1 1 207 0.865224 0.86 0.81 1 1 290 0.653686 0.31 0.11 0 1 290 0.780885 0.31 0.11 0 1 335 0.515173 0.77 0.49 0.5 0 1 335 0.647621 0.77 0.49 0.5 0 1 351 0.632227 0.65 0.9 0 1 351 0.705589 0.65 0.9 0 1 361 0.575314 0.86 0.74 0 0 361 0.710967 0.86 0.74 0 0 369 0.592198 0.86 0.41 1 0 369 0.727614 0.86 0.41 1 0 372 0.569949 0.7 1 1 0 372 0.564299 0.7 1 1 0 523 0.514394 0.65 0.95 0 1 523 0.854758 0.65 0.95 0 1 526 0.536642 0.75 1 0 0 526 0.596538 0.75 1 0 0 527 0.653149 0.93 1 0.5 0 0 527 0.605312 0.93 1 0.5 0 0 533 0.530704 0.8 1 0 0 533 0.680679 0.8 1 0 0 537 0.490448 0.92 1 0.5 1 0 537 0.611075 0.92 1 0.5 1 0 602 0.760749 0.91 0.64 1 0 0 602 0.673965 0.91 0.64 1 0 0 658 0.540783 0.91 0.98 1 1 0 658 0.625647 0.91 0.98 1 1 0 790 0.689253 0.91 0.66 1 0 790 0.587985 0.91 0.66 1 0 816 0.601074 0.89 0.8 1 1 816 0.690823 0.89 0.8 1 1 827 0.579959 0.83 0.52 0.5 0 0 827 0.830295 0.83 0.52 0.5 0 0 975 0.789971 0.78 0.54 1 0 975 0.707072 0.78 0.54 1 0 1019 0.695154 0.98 1 1 1 1019 0.63883 0.98 1 1 1 1195 0.735976 0.56 0.87 0 0 1195 1.010533 0.56 0.87 0 0 1263 0.887591 0.97 1 0.5 1 0 1263 0.806921 0.97 1 0.5 1 0 1280 0.784106 0.81 0.55 0 0 1280 0.808607 0.81 0.55 0 0 1314 0.473927 0.8 1 0.5 1 0 1314 0.441332 0.8 1 0.5 1 0 1385 0.779215 0.86 0.52 1 0 1385 0.824071 0.86 0.52 1 0 1394 0.543627 0.77 0.41 0 1 1394 0.624222 0.77 0.41 0 1 1434 0.866126 0.7 0.82 0.5 0 0 1434 0.832922 0.7 0.82 0.5 0 0 1455 0.782913 0.87 0.6 0.5 1 1 1455 0.69354 0.87 0.6 0.5 1 1 1511 0.571486 0.87 0.55 0 1 1511 0.765517 0.87 0.55 0 1 1521 0.654385 0.62 0.66 0 0 1521 0.917989 0.62 0.66 0 0 1613 0.707419 0.89 0.47 0.5 1 0 1613 0.794945 0.89 0.47 0.5 1 0 1717 0.577509 0.82 0.81 0.5 0 1 1717 0.913854 0.82 0.81 0.5 0 1 1733 0.746473 0.87 0.48 0.5 0 0 1733 0.761296 0.87 0.48 0.5 0 0 1787 0.655509 0.81 0.45 0 1 1787 0.894078 0.81 0.45 0 1 1832 0.792765 0.71 0.38 0.5 0 0 1832 0.703002 0.71 0.38 0.5 0 0 1845 0.759097 0.82 0.6 0.5 1 1 1845 0.754704 0.82 0.6 0.5 1 1 2011 0.520347 0.94 1 0.5 1 0 2011 0.705049 0.94 1 0.5 1 0 2022 0.525181 0.77 0.43 0 0 2022 0.597725 0.77 0.43 0 0 2045 0.857313 0.75 0.34 0.5 1 0 2045 0.739018 0.75 0.34 0.5 1 0 2048 0.826329 0.94 0.91 1 0 2048 0.57235 0.94 0.91 1 0 2050 0.688144 0.8 0.59 1 1 2050 0.601233 0.8 0.59 1 1 2162 0.508869 0.78 0.42 0 0 2162 0.681626 0.78 0.42 0 0 2260 0.64206 0.87 1 0.5 1 1 2260 0.756166 0.87 1 0.5 1 1 2263 0.524624 0.59 0.22 0 1 2263 0.703041 0.59 0.22 0 1 2264 0.507643 0.93 0.57 0.5 1 1 2264 0.61976 0.93 0.57 0.5 1 1 2322 0.652279 0.79 0.3 0.5 1 1 2322 0.672146 0.79 0.3 0.5 1 1 2324 0.618587 0.91 1 1 1 2324 0.768119 0.91 1 1 1 2334 0.679346 0.79 0.82 0 0 2334 0.902153 0.79 0.82 0 0 2342 0.468831 0.81 0.77 0.5 0 1 2342 0.74543 0.81 0.77 0.5 0 1 2346 0.750336 0.86 0.62 0 1 2346 0.782733 0.86 0.62 0 1 2357 0.694342 0.68 1 1 0 2357 0.767736 0.68 1 1 0 2444 0.681864 0.97 0.75 0.5 1 0 2444 0.63313 0.97 0.75 0.5 1 0 2475 0.603786 0.98 0.98 1 1 2475 0.683706 0.98 0.98 1 1 2539 0.769819 0.68 0.52 0.5 1 1 2539 0.634969 0.68 0.52 0.5 1 1 2550 0.809697 0.85 0.56 0 1 2550 0.791962 0.85 0.56 0 1 2580 0.57373 0.83 1 0.5 1 0 2580 0.739812 0.83 1 0.5 1 0 2703 1.011241 0.88 1 0 0 2703 0.691777 0.88 1 0 0 2869 0.733474 0.77 1 0.5 1 0 2869 0.566124 0.77 1 0.5 1 0 2870 0.700002 0.89 0.45 0.5 1 0 2870 0.716112 0.89 0.45 0.5 1 0 2932 0.455989 0.97 1 0.5 1 1 2932 0.57909 0.97 1 0.5 1 1 2936 0.799983 0.9 0.63 0.5 1 1 2936 0.663906 0.9 0.63 0.5 1 1 3265 0.674664 0.8 0.45 0 0 3265 0.715171 0.8 0.45 0 0 3320 0.539544 0.83 0.55 1 1 3320 0.833849 0.83 0.55 1 1 3356 1.083386 0.89 0.59 0.5 0 1 3356 0.794039 0.89 0.59 0.5 0 1 3547 0.819288 0.79 0.56 0.5 0 0 3547 0.794808 0.79 0.56 0.5 0 0 3568 1.006051 0.84 0.86 0 1 3568 0.671255 0.84 0.86 0 1 3581 0.540886 0.78 0.9 0 0 3581 0.830518 0.78 0.9 0 0 3674 0.672121 0.82 0.6 0 1 3674 0.757492 0.82 0.6 0 1 3675 0.576261 0.46 0.16 0 1 3675 0.761731 0.46 0.16 0 1 3717 0.735741 0.88 0.53 1 1 3717 0.674437 0.88 0.53 1 1 3725 0.568722 0.68 0.44 1 1 3725 0.770658 0.68 0.44 1 1 3760 0.713122 0.82 0.59 0.5 0 1 3760 0.603543 0.82 0.59 0.5 0 1 3767 0.581609 0.84 0.65 0 1 3767 0.659309 0.84 0.65 0 1 3778 0.594434 0.82 0.61 0.5 1 1 3778 0.667675 0.82 0.61 0.5 1 1 3837 0.599864 0.68 0.99 1 0 3837 0.6515 0.68 0.99 1 0 3984 0.670524 0.87 1 0.5 1 0 3984 0.877543 0.87 1 0.5 1 0 4058 0.588745 0.91 0.51 1 0 4058 0.698869 0.91 0.51 1 0 4193 0.651351 0.89 0.72 1 1 0 4193 0.643637 0.89 0.72 1 1 0 4296 0.550899 0.82 0.8 0.5 1 0 4296 0.630813 0.82 0.8 0.5 1 0 4809 0.571215 0.8 1 0 0 4809 0.466502 0.8 1 0 0 4886 0.604083 0.6 0.33 0 1 4886 0.712266 0.6 0.33 0 1 4914 0.771013 0.98 1 0.5 1 1 4914 0.827141 0.98 1 0.5 1 1 4915 0.49757 0.77 0.89 1 0 4915 0.671895 0.77 0.89 1 0 4920 0.636035 0.96 0.73 1 1 0 4920 0.602847 0.96 0.73 1 1 0 4923 0.607864 0.82 0.87 0 1 4923 0.54677 0.82 0.87 0 1 5062 0.655015 0.95 1 0.5 1 0 5062 0.898847 0.95 1 0.5 1 0 5063 0.720941 0.96 0.74 1 0 5063 0.742867 0.96 0.74 1 0 5096 0.71863 0.93 0.69 0 0 5096 0.753266 0.93 0.69 0 0 5165 0.694431 0.91 0.61 0.5 1 0 5165 0.921945 0.91 0.61 0.5 1 0 5253 0.481601 0.77 0.51 0.5 0 0 5253 0.554521 0.77 0.51 0.5 0 0 5310 0.637937 0.89 0.95 0.5 0 0 5310 0.989858 0.89 0.95 0.5 0 0 5422 0.766398 0.6 0.39 0.5 0 1 5422 0.629376 0.6 0.39 0.5 0 1 5566 0.672506 0.27 0 0 1 5566 0.636348 0.27 0 0 1 5580 0.669629 0.84 1 0.5 1 0 5580 0.804492 0.84 1 0.5 1 0 5584 0.680945 0.85 0.55 1 0 5584 1.08975 0.85 0.55 1 0 5594 0.622917 0.96 1 0.5 1 1 5594 0.502466 0.96 1 0.5 1 1 5605 0.705118 0.95 0.69 0.5 1 1 5605 0.714416 0.95 0.69 0.5 1 1 5606 0.653038 0.85 0.59 1 0 5606 0.670137 0.85 0.59 1 0 5607 0.93468 0.46 0.097 0 0 5607 1.078413 0.46 0.097 0 0 5610 0.525965 0.94 1 0.5 1 0 5610 0.643122 0.94 1 0.5 1 0 5707 0.569329 0.67 0.65 1 0 5707 0.778502 0.67 0.65 1 0 5757 0.715009 0.64 0.41 0.5 0 0 5757 0.959038 0.64 0.41 0.5 0 0 5797 0.699244 0.86 0.81 1 0 5797 0.716302 0.86 0.81 1 0 5798 0.802777 0.88 0.56 1 0 5798 0.714115 0.88 0.56 1 0 5805 0.788798 0.31 0.084 0 0 5805 0.702588 0.31 0.084 0 0 5961 0.54258 0.8 0.67 0 0 5961 0.795384 0.8 0.67 0 0 6015 0.657564 0.81 0.81 0 0 6015 0.981143 0.81 0.81 0 0 6093 0.459422 0.98 1 1 1 1 6093 0.636579 0.98 1 1 1 1 6196 0.659141 0.88 0.49 1 0 6196 0.709386 0.88 0.49 1 0 6204 0.618881 0.48 0.65 0.5 0 0 6204 0.749728 0.48 0.65 0.5 0 0 6224 0.553941 0.67 0.8 0.5 1 0 6224 0.63999 0.67 0.8 0.5 1 0 6328 0.672997 0.8 0.44 0 0 6328 0.681957 0.8 0.44 0 0 6334 0.532093 0.45 0.16 0 0 6334 0.632198 0.45 0.16 0 0 6340 0.725168 0.91 0.65 0.5 0 0 6340 0.682036 0.91 0.65 0.5 0 0 6357 0.516765 0.87 0.72 1 0 0 6357 0.961768 0.87 0.72 1 0 0 6442 0.695221 0.86 0.54 0.5 0 0 6442 0.59258 0.86 0.54 0.5 0 0 6446 0.621463 0.83 0.79 1 0 6446 0.676564 0.83 0.79 1 0 6478 0.653397 0.67 0.34 0 0 6478 0.611277 0.67 0.34 0 0 6604 0.727677 0.85 0.85 0 0 6604 0.710092 0.85 0.85 0 0 6613 0.707157 0.62 0.45 0.5 0 0 6613 0.930313 0.62 0.45 0.5 0 0 6624 0.619903 0 0 0 0 6624 0.820361 0 0 0 0 6625 0.815749 0.69 0.44 0 0 6625 0.806522 0.69 0.44 0 0 6627 0.501572 0.63 0.41 0.5 0 0 6627 0.56687 0.63 0.41 0.5 0 0 6792 0.751137 0.86 1 1 0 6792 0.863349 0.86 1 1 0 6811 0.65269 0.87 0.65 0.5 0 0 6811 0.69508 0.87 0.65 0.5 0 0 7005 0.621546 0.76 0.5 0.5 0 0 7005 0.95027 0.76 0.5 0.5 0 0 7178 0.605568 0.48 0.7 0 0 7178 0.726609 0.48 0.7 0 0 7294 0.520123 0.78 0.74 0.5 1 0 7294 0.769393 0.78 0.74 0.5 1 0 7341 0.726238 0 0 0 0 7341 0.717658 0 0 0 0 7423 0.640845 0.93 0.8 0.5 0 0 7423 0.719245 0.93 0.8 0.5 0 0 7786 0.624795 0.8 0.61 0.5 1 0 7786 0.670746 0.8 0.61 0.5 1 0 8021 0.592518 0.28 0 0 0 8021 0.656624 0.28 0 0 0 8290 0.718392 0.68 0.81 0 0 8290 0.655095 0.68 0.81 0 0 8438 0.886946 0.82 0.63 0 0 8438 0.815758 0.82 0.63 0 0 8476 0.633969 0.81 1 1 0 8476 0.666884 0.81 1 1 0 8558 0.750625 0.91 1 1 0 8558 0.551374 0.91 1 1 0 8570 0.628263 0.83 1 0 0 8570 0.819785 0.83 1 0 0 8677 0.540408 0.67 0.56 0 0 8677 0.641043 0.67 0.56 0 0 8831 0.529066 0.87 0.65 0.5 0 0 8831 0.705632 0.87 0.65 0.5 0 0 8837 0.628192 0.6 0.33 0.5 0 0 8837 0.718145 0.6 0.33 0.5 0 0 9114 0.45469 0.93 1 0.5 0 0 9114 0.586649 0.93 1 0.5 0 0 9135 0.634925 0.4 0.26 0 0 9135 0.807152 0.4 0.26 0 0 9149 0.793116 0.88 0.76 1 1 1 9149 0.754638 0.88 0.76 1 1 1 9159 0.576383 0.7 1 0.5 1 0 9159 0.634865 0.7 1 0.5 1 0 9180 0.721684 0.65 1 0 1 9180 0.728862 0.65 1 0 1 9201 0.717062 0.96 0.72 1 0 9201 0.967089 0.96 0.72 1 0 9230 0.742995 0.27 0 0 0 9230 0.739319 0.27 0 0 0 9231 1.098853 0.77 1 0.5 0 0 9231 0.767108 0.77 1 0.5 0 0 9256 0.65323 0.62 0.84 0 0 9256 0.900219 0.62 0.84 0 0 9276 0.416791 0.94 1 1 0 9276 0.428096 0.94 1 1 0 9448 0.664005 0.78 0.93 1 0 9448 0.803517 0.78 0.93 1 0 9464 0.807142 0.68 0.58 0 0 9464 0.784917 0.68 0.58 0 0 9509 0.644768 0.31 0.11 0 0 9509 0.88037 0.31 0.11 0 0 9575 0.523602 0.82 0.48 0 0 9575 0.699699 0.82 0.48 0 0 9578 0.844926 0.79 0.85 1 0 9578 0.611792 0.79 0.85 1 0 9625 0.504363 0.83 0.52 1 0 9625 0.783266 0.83 0.52 1 0 9641 0.432621 0.96 0.84 1 1 9641 0.487614 0.96 0.84 1 1 9943 1.074442 0.94 0.59 1 0 9943 0.83674 0.94 0.59 1 0 9972 0.579413 0.089 0 0 0 9972 0.903111 0.089 0 0 0 10036 0.524615 0.3 0 0 0 10036 0.778565 0.3 0 0 0 10055 0.530465 0.44 0.29 0 0 10055 0.682029 0.44 0.29 0 0 10105 0.731637 0.41 0.27 0.5 0 1 10105 0.569667 0.41 0.27 0.5 0 1 10114 0.615888 0.9 0.53 0.5 1 0 10114 0.597896 0.9 0.53 0.5 1 0 10155 0.4644 0.97 0.89 0.5 0 0 10155 0.951021 0.97 0.89 0.5 0 0 10159 0.630936 0.91 1 0.5 0 0 10159 0.918019 0.91 1 0.5 0 0 10181 0.609415 0.85 0.68 0 0 10181 0.944946 0.85 0.68 0 0 10188 0.519002 0.97 0.8 0.5 1 0 10188 0.703757 0.97 0.8 0.5 1 0 10280 0.529035 0.88 1 0 1 10280 0.694461 0.88 1 0 1 10291 0.559818 0.79 1 0.5 0 0 10291 0.598957 0.79 1 0.5 0 0 10297 0.580359 0.73 0.42 0.5 0 0 10297 0.854253 0.73 0.42 0.5 0 0 10381 0.770944 0.72 0.92 0 0 10381 0.637621 0.72 0.92 0 0 10595 0.775854 0.9 0.78 1 0 10595 0.755248 0.9 0.78 1 0 10616 1.01773 0.84 0.65 0.5 0 0 10616 0.858523 0.84 0.65 0.5 0 0 10725 0.53129 0.63 0.92 0.5 0 0 10725 0.982819 0.63 0.92 0.5 0 0 10733 0.978733 0.73 1 0.5 1 0 10733 0.628258 0.73 1 0.5 1 0 10783 0.63095 0.97 0.81 0.5 1 0 10783 0.678218 0.97 0.81 0.5 1 0 10849 0.539895 0.69 0.74 1 0 10849 0.552598 0.69 0.74 1 0 11113 0.788585 0.94 0.58 0.5 1 0 11113 0.787589 0.94 0.58 0.5 1 0 11213 0.754786 0.91 0.97 0.5 1 0 11213 0.753182 0.91 0.97 0.5 1 0 11214 0.720095 0.74 0.53 1 0 11214 0.965993 0.74 0.53 1 0 22820 0.510154 0.64 0.81 0.5 0 0 22820 0.65477 0.64 0.81 0.5 0 0 23049 0.488445 0.93 0.68 0.5 1 0 23049 0.599912 0.93 0.68 0.5 1 0 23216 0.809479 0.76 0.47 0 0 23216 0.79844 0.76 0.47 0 0 23352 0.540193 0.83 0.61 0.5 0 0 23352 0.953583 0.83 0.61 0.5 0 0 23386 0.580299 0.86 0.63 0.5 0 0 23386 0.9119 0.86 0.63 0.5 0 0 23387 0.563888 0.83 0.49 1 0 23387 0.727789 0.83 0.49 1 0 23396 0.856672 0.78 0.45 1 0 23396 0.754701 0.78 0.45 1 0 23534 0.803437 0.003 0 0 0 23534 0.9486 0.003 0 0 0 23552 0.553163 0.95 0.84 0.5 1 0 23552 0.706126 0.95 0.84 0.5 1 0 23604 0.606999 0.97 1 1 0 23604 0.472304 0.97 1 1 0 23765 0.424385 0.95 0.77 0.5 0 0 23765 0.589389 0.95 0.77 0.5 0 0 23770 0.473286 0.8 0.44 0 0 23770 0.730983 0.8 0.44 0 0 25831 0.515643 0.86 0.64 0 0 25831 0.620564 0.86 0.64 0 0 27092 0.733566 0.71 0.59 0 0 27092 0.772176 0.71 0.59 0 0 27347 0.547544 0.96 0.8 0.5 1 0 27347 0.63854 0.96 0.8 0.5 1 0 28996 0.608589 0.95 1 1 0 28996 0.975852 0.95 1 1 0 29035 0.638161 0.64 0.68 0 0 29035 0.60655 0.64 0.68 0 0 29110 0.65435 0.92 1 0.5 1 0 29110 0.540234 0.92 1 0.5 1 0 29127 0.765987 0.89 0.75 0 0 29127 0.672359 0.89 0.75 0 0 29882 0.571945 0.65 0.75 1 0 29882 0.571554 0.65 0.75 1 0 29959 0.735609 0.7 0.41 1 0 29959 0.671623 0.7 0.41 1 0 30811 0.807909 0.84 0.35 0.5 1 0 30811 0.667228 0.84 035 0.5 1 0 30815 0.558482 0.27 0 0 0 30815 0.732777 0.27 0 0 0 30849 0.594893 0.82 0.54 1 1 30849 0.643575 0.82 0.54 1 1 50488 1.050075 0.76 0.64 1 0 50488 0.879156 0.76 0.64 1 0 51061 0.570467 0.77 0.54 0 0 51061 0.943811 0.77 0.54 0 0 51172 0.702328 0.18 0 0 0 51172 0.829529 0.18 0 0 0 51257 0.951947 0.73 0.38 0 0 51257 0.909845 0.73 0.38 0 0 51390 0.414764 0.85 0.6 0 0 51390 0.735298 0.85 0.6 0 0 51393 0.799912 0.63 0.7 0 0 51393 0.67239 0.63 0.7 0 0 51422 0.736125 0.84 0.49 0.5 1 1 51422 0.87999 0.84 0.49 0.5 1 1 51526 0.543605 0.27 0 0 0 51526 0.859317 0.27 0 0 0 54507 0.625535 0.68 0.6 0 0 54507 0.681468 0.68 0.6 0 0 54776 0.533713 0.75 1 0 0 54776 0.606923 0.75 1 0 0 54866 0.617601 0.52 0.71 0 0 54866 0.673746 0.52 0.71 0 0 54980 0.536198 0.8 1 0 0 54980 0.5812 0.8 1 0 0 54991 0.639002 0.45 0.62 0 0 54991 0.617151 0.45 0.62 0 0 55229 0.77691 0.92 0.7 1 0 55229 0.857237 0.92 0.7 1 0 55577 1.042218 0.9 1 0.5 1 0 55577 0.94385 0.9 1 0.5 1 0 55652 0.544492 0.72 0.73 0 0 55652 0.464607 0.72 0.73 0 0 55850 0.671935 0.19 0 0 0 55850 0.93047 0.19 0 0 0 55851 0.54488 0.9 1 1 1 55851 0.688179 0.9 1 1 1 55872 0.635786 0.98 1 0.5 1 0 55872 0.662971 0.98 1 0.5 1 0 56164 0.673727 0.9 0.94 0.5 1 0 56164 0.646742 0.9 0.94 0.5 1 0 56300 0.814553 0.79 0.47 1 0 56300 0.93926 0.79 0.47 1 0 56311 0.928714 0.35 0.22 0 0 56311 0.691761 0.35 0.22 0 0 56660 0.62793 0.43 0.26 0 0 56660 0.796393 0.43 0.26 0 0 56893 0.631028 0.89 0.53 1 0 56893 0.795072 0.89 0.53 1 0 56997 0.590049 0.79 1 0.5 1 0 56997 0.886047 0.79 1 0.5 1 0 57085 0.748443 0.79 0.63 0 0 57085 0.893884 0.79 0.63 0 0 57120 0.852028 0.084 0 0 0 57120 0.74928 0.084 0 0 0 57418 0.795512 0.17 0 0 0 57418 0.6817 0.17 0 0 0 57502 0.74481 0.21 0 0 0 57502 0.907308 0.21 0 0 0 57534 0.645918 0.37 0.27 0 0 57534 0.96898 0.37 0.27 0 0 57551 0.616897 0.96 0.72 1 0 57551 1.150218 0.96 0.72 1 0 57579 0.744458 0.49 0.3 0 0 57579 0.925176 0.49 0.3 0 0 58526 0.841227 0.094 0 0 0 58526 0.673718 0.094 0 0 0 64284 0.647428 0.43 0.23 0 0 64284 0.613663 0.43 0.23 0 0 64601 0.653329 0.6 0.77 0 0 64601 0.62274 0.6 0.77 0 0 65220 0.771576 0.89 1 0.5 1 0 65220 0.686813 0.89 1 0.5 1 0 79574 0.627411 0.76 0.86 0 0 79574 0.694177 0.76 0.86 0 0 79641 0.660543 0.5 0.75 0 0 79641 0.815792 0.5 0.75 0 0 79705 0.747353 0.95 0.71 0.5 1 0 79705 0.789938 0.95 0.71 0.5 1 0 79872 0.604098 0.89 0.59 0.5 0 0 79872 0.587805 0.89 0.59 0.5 0 0 80231 0.641364 0.76 0.72 0 0 80231 0.760779 0.76 0.72 0 0 80818 0.500757 0.65 0.42 0.5 0 0 80818 0.825228 0.65 0.42 0.5 0 0 84197 0.82977 0.88 1 0.5 1 0 84197 0.654127 0.88 1 0.5 1 0 89891 0.58477 0.8 0.66 0 0 89891 0.638599 0.8 0.66 0 0 90736 0.453645 0.64 0.82 1 0 0 90736 0.970707 0.64 0.82 1 0 0 92579 0.501989 0.77 0.87 0 1 92579 0.665867 0.77 0.87 0 1 93611 0.668641 0.63 0.66 0 0 93611 1.125252 0.63 0.66 0 0 93953 0.620661 0.58 0.37 0 0 93953 0.75043 0.58 0.37 0 0 94234 0.585521 0.17 0 0 0 94234 0.879447 0.17 0 0 0 96626 1.254983 0.019 0 0 0 96626 0.949434 0.019 0 0 0 113878 0.534481 0.83 0.57 0 0 113878 0.726053 0.83 0.57 0 0 114299 0.844378 0.066 0 0 0 114299 0.6313 0.066 0 0 0 114788 0.825459 0.12 0 0 0 114788 0.882159 0.12 0 0 0 114880 0.814979 0.38 0.24 0 0 114880 0.749792 0.38 0.24 0 0 114971 0.735513 0.82 0.81 1 0 114971 0.800088 0.82 0.81 1 0 115701 0.575299 0.96 1 0.5 1 0 115701 0.744051 0.96 1 0.5 1 0 116447 0.422886 0.85 0.75 0.5 0 1 116447 0.520039 0.85 0.75 0.5 0 1 118442 0.618044 0.68 0.34 0 0 118442 0.864459 0.68 0.34 0 0 122525 0.689707 0.88 0.68 0 0 122525 0.756717 0.88 0.68 0 0 124583 0.447266 0.78 0.52 0.5 0 0 124583 0.608924 0.78 0.52 0.5 0 0 126541 0.871359 0.91 0.65 0 0 126541 0.65345 0.91 0.65 0 0 127733 0.693112 0.35 0.22 0.5 0 0 127733 0.7995 0.35 0.22 0.5 0 0 153571 0.659744 0.4 0.6 0.5 0 0 153571 0.792561 0.4 0.6 0.5 0 0 166614 0.50323 0.98 1 0.5 1 0 166614 0.536599 0.98 1 0.5 1 0 167681 0.772587 0.7 0.74 0.5 0 0 167681 0.595733 0.7 0.74 0.5 0 0 203068 0.773416 0.62 0.3 0.5 0 1 203068 0.592089 0.62 0.3 0.5 0 1 204851 0.65027 0.93 1 0.5 1 0 204851 0.720627 0.93 1 0.5 1 0 254065 0.93162 0.2 0 0 0 254065 0.745334 0.2 0 0 0 256126 0.697274 0.79 0.65 0 0 256126 0.633533 0.79 0.65 0 0 283455 0.478162 0.97 1 0.5 1 0 283455 0.896556 0.97 1 0.5 1 0 284230 0.712518 0.65 0.63 0 0 284230 0.621278 0.65 0.63 0 0 284366 0.525325 0.75 0.73 0 0 284366 0.870251 0.75 0.73 0 0 338599 0.793643 0.89 0.58 1 0 338599 0.696086 0.89 0.58 1 0 340024 0.471788 0.92 0.78 0.5 0 0 340024 0.706444 0.92 0.78 0.5 0 0 340260 0.590378 0.77 0.69 0 0 340260 0.665443 0.77 0.69 0 0 377841 0.481163 0.8 0.54 0.5 0 1 377841 0.714998 0.8 0.54 0.5 0 1 387082 0.637418 0.35 0.23 0 0 387082 0.68122 0.35 0.23 0 0 387911 0.70882 0 0 0 387911 0.619996 0 0 0 401007 0.725996 0.95 0.89 0 0 401007 0.986819 0.95 0.89 0 0 401665 0.559282 0.91 0.72 0.5 0 0 401665 0.583315 0.91 0.72 0.5 0 0 440396 0.600182 0.67 0.38 0 0 440396 0.807451 0.67 0.38 0 0 440738 0.679963 0.14 0 0 0 440738 0.807336 0.14 0 0 0 441239 0.77963 0.78 1 0 0 441239 0.725592 0.78 1 0 0 441670 0.691595 0 0 0 0 441670 0.727008 0 0 0 0 643641 0.709218 0.58 0.33 0 0 643641 0.688259 0.58 0.33 0 0 653712 1.00205 0.88 1 0.5 0 0 653712 0.773468 0.88 1 0.5 0 0 728683 0.779763 0.9 1 0 0 728683 1.110111 0.9 1 0 0 730974 0.714602 0.85 0.61 0 0 730974 0.807114 0.85 0.61 0 0 Explanation of column headings in table: Gene_ID: Entrez GeneID; Symbol and Description: Entrez Gene official Symbol and official full name; GenebankID: Refseq mRNA; target sequence: The best two siRNAs targeting each confirmed gene are shown; Average: mean of scores in reconfirmation assays at three different time points after infection: Renilla luciferase activity at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h and Toxicity at 24 h; siRNA_SCORE: evidence score calculated based on siRNA activity; RSA_SCORE_LogP: evidence score calculated based on Redundant siRNA Analysis (RSA) (see Methods section); SCORE_Network_Direct, SCORE_Network_Indirect, SCORE_MCODE: binary evidence scores if respective genes are contained in Network based on direct or indirect interactions or MCODE (Molecular Complex Detection analysis) respectively (1 or 0); SCORE_OPI_Support: evidence score calculated based on grouping in one of the OPI (Ontology-based Pattern Identification) functional categories (see Methods section); SCORE_GOEnrich: evidence score calculated based on gene ontology enrichment analysis; SCORE_KnownViralPartners_Direct, SCORE_KnownViralPartners_Indirect: Evidence score calculated based on direct and indirect interactions with influenza virus proteins respectively; SCORE_DrugInformation: binary evidence score on known drugs specific for respective gene; Calculations for each evidence score are described in Materials and Methods.

TABLE 4 Overrepresented functional processes and protein domains of proteins required for influenza virus replication. Gene Ontology (GO) (http://www.geneontology.org) (Ashburner et al., 2000) or Interpro (IPR) domain classifications (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/) (Apweiler et al., 2001) found to be overrepresented within the 295 confirmed host cellular factors required for influenza virus replication are presented. Specifically, GO or IPR accessions (column 1) and descriptions of these categories (column 2), as well as GeneIDs (column 3) and gene names that fall within these classifications are listed (column 4). p values for each category were also calculated (column 5). GO Description GeneID Hits Log10(P) GO:0004672 (MF) protein 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552|23604| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA|MAP4K4| −58.128 kinase 29110|1019|2045|2050|3717|4914|5594|6196| KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1|CDK4|EPHA7| activity 6446|8558|9641|10595|30849|204851|283455| EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1| 92|157|207|369|658|1195|1263|1455|1613| CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2|PIK3R4|HIPK1|KSR2| 2011|2048|2260|2263|2264|2322|2324|2444| ACVR2A|ADRBK2|AKT1|ARAF|BMPR1B|CLK1| 2475|2580|2869|2870|2932|3984|4058|4296| PLK3|CSNK1G2|DAPK3|MARK2|EPHB2|FGFR1| 4915|4920|5062|5063|5165|5566|5580|5584| FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|FRK|FRAP1|GAK| 5605|5607|5610|6792|7294|7786|9149|9201| GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B|LIMK1|LTK|MAP3K11| 9578|9625|9943|10114|10188|10733|10783| NTRK2|ROR2|PAK2|PAK3|PDK3|PRKACA| 11113|11213|11214|23049|27347|28996|29959| PRKCD|PRKCI|MAP2K2|MAP2K5|EIF2AK2| 30811|50488|55872|56164|57551|79705|84197| CDKL5|TXK|MAP3K12|DYRKIB|DCLK1| 115701|166614 CDC42BPB|AATK|OXSR1|HIPK3|TNK2|PLK4| NEK6|CIT|IRAK3|AKAP13|SMG1|STK39| HIPK2|NRBP1|HUNK|MINK1|PBK|STK31|TAOK1| LRRK1|FLJ23356|ALPK2|DCLK2 GO:0016773 (MF) phospho- 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA|MAP4K4| −55.91 transferase 23604|29110|1019|2045|2050|3717|4914| KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1|CDK4|EPHA7| activity, 5594|6196|6446|8558|9641|10595|30849| EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1| alcohol 204851|283455|92|157|207|369|658|1195| CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2|PIK3R4|HIPK1|KSR2| group as 1263|1455|1613|2011|2048|2260|2263|2264| ACVR2A|ADRBK2|AKT1|ARAF|BMPR1B|CLK1| acceptor 2322|2324|2444|2475|2580|2869|2870| PLK3|CSNK1G2|DAPK3|MARK2|EPHB2|FGFR1| 2932|3984|4058|4296|4915|4920|5062|5063| FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|FRK|FRAP1|GAK| 5165|5566|5580|5584|5605|5607|5610|6792| GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B|LIMK1|LTK|MAP3K11| 7294|7786|9149|9201|9578|9625|9943|10114| NTRK2|ROR2|PAK2|PAK3|PDK3|PRKACA| 10188|10733|10783|11113|11213|11214| PRKCD|PRKCI|MAP2K2|MAP2K5|EIF2AK2| 23049|23396|27347|28996|29959|30811| CDKL5|TXK|MAP3K12|DYRK1B|DCLK1| 50488|55229|55577|55872|56164|57551| CDC42BPB|AATK|OXSR1|HIPK3|TNK2|PLK4| 65220|79705|84197|115701|166614 NEK6|CIT|IRAK3|AKAP13|SMG1|PIP5K1C| STK39|HIPK2|NRBP1|HUNK|MINK1|PANK4| NAGK|PBK|STK31|TAOK1|NADK|LRRK1| FLJ23356|ALPK2|DCLK2 GO:0016301 (MF) kinase 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA|MAP4K4| −52.141 activity 23604|29110|1019|2045|2050|3717| KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1|CDK4|EPHA7| 4914|5594|6196|6446|8558|9641|10595| EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1| 30849|56997|204851|283455|92|157|207| CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2|PIK3R4|CABC1|HIPK1| 369|658|1195|1263|1455|1613|2011|2048| KSR2|ACVR2A|ADRBK2|AKT1|ARAF|BMPR1B| 2260|2263|2264|2322|2324|2444|2475| CLK1|PLK3|CSNK1G2|DAPK3|MARK2|EPHB2| 2580|2869|2870|2932|3984|4058|4296| FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|FRK| 4915|4920|5062|5063|5165|5566|5580| FRAP1|GAK|GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B|LIMK1|LTK| 5584|5605|5607|5610|6792|7294|7786| MAP3K11|NTRK2|ROR2|PAK2|PAK3|PDK3| 9149|9201|9578|9625|9943|10114|10188| PRKACA|PRKCD|PRKCI|MAP2K2|MAP2K5| 10733|10783|11113|11213|11214|23049| EIF2AK2|CDKL5|TXK|MAP3K12|DYRK1B| 23396|27347|28996|29959|30811|50488| DCLK1|CDC42BPB|AATK|OXSR1|HIPK3| 55229|55577|55872|56164|57551|65220| TNK2|PLK4|NEK6|CIT|IRAK3|AKAP13| 79705|84197|115701|166614 SMG1|PIP5K1C|STK39|HIPK2|NRBP1|HUNK| MINK1|PANK4|NAGK|PBK|STK31|TAOK1| NADK|LRRK1|FLJ23356|ALPK2|DCLK2 GO:0006468 (BP) protein 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA|MAP4K4| −50.831 amino acid 23604|29110|1019|2045|2050|3717| KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1|CDK4|EPHA7| phosphor- 4914|5594|6196|6446|8558|9641|10595| EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1| ylation 30849|204851|283455|92|157|207|369| CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2|PIK3R4|HIPK1|KSR2| 658|975|1195|1263|1385|1455|1613| ACVR2A|ADRBK2|AKT1|ARAF|BMPR1B|CD81| 2011|2048|2260|2263|2264|2322|2324| CLK1|PLK3|CREB1|CSNK1G2|DAPK3|MARK2| 2357|2444|2580|2869|2870|2932|3725| EPHB2|FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4| 3984|4058|4296|4915|4920|5062|5063| FPR1|FRK|GAK|GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B|JUN| 5165|5566|5580|5584|5605|5607|5610| LIMK1|LTK|MAP3K11|NTRK2|ROR2|PAK2| 6792|7294|7786|9149|9201|9578|9625| PAK3|PDK3|PRKACA|PRKCD|PRKCI|MAP2K2| 9943|10114|10188|10733|10783|11113| MAP2K5|EIF2AK2|CDKL5|TXK|MAP3K12| 11213|23049|27347|28996|29959| DYRK1B|DCLK1|CDC42BPB|AATK|OXSR1| 30811|50488|55872|56164|57551|79705| HIPK3|TNK2|PLK4|NEK6|CIT|IRAK3|SMG1| 84197|115701|166614 STK39|HIPK2|NRBP1|HUNK|MINK1|PBK| STK31|TAOK1|LRRK1|FLJ23356|ALPK2| DCLK2 GO:0016310 (BP) 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA|MAP4K4| −48.489 phosphor- 23604|29110|537|1019|2045|2050|3717| KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1|ATP6AP1| ylation 4914|5594|6196|6446|8558|9641|10595| CDK4|EPHA7|EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1| 30849|204851|283455|92|157|207|369| RPS6KA2|SGK1|CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2| 658|975|1195|1263|1385|1455|1613| PIK3R4|HIPK1|KSR2|ACVR2A|ADRBK2| 2011|2048|2260|2263|2264|2322|2324| AKT1|ARAF|BMPR1B|CD81|CLK1|PLK3| 2357|2444|2475|2580|2869|2870|2932| CREB1|CSNK1G2|DAPK3|MARK2|EPHB2| 3725|3984|4058|4296|4915|4920|5062| FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|FPR1| 5063|5165|5566|5580|5584|5605|5607| FRK|FRAP1|GAK|GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B|JUN| 5610|6792|7294|7786|9149|9201|9578| LIMK1|LTK|MAP3K11|NTRK2|ROR2|PAK2| 9625|9943|10114|10188|10733|10783| PAK3|PDK3|PRKACA|PRKCD|PRKCI|MAP2K2| 11113|11213|23049|27347|28996|29959| MAP2K5|EIF2AK2|CDKL5|TXK|MAP3K12| 30811|50488|54866|55872|56164|57551| DYRK1B|DCLK1|CDC42BPB|AATK|OXSR1| 65220|79705|84197|115701|166614 HIPK3|TNK2|PLK4|NEK6|CIT|IRAK3|SMG1| STK39|HIPK2|NRBP1|HUNK|MINK1| PPP1R14D|PBK|STK31|TAOK1|NADK| LRRK1|FLJ23356|ALPK2|DCLK2 GO:0016772 (MF) 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA|MAP4K4| −48.363 transferase 23604|29110|1019|2045|2050|3717|4914| KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1|CDK4|EPHA7| activity, 5594|6196|6446|8558|9641|10595|30849| EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1| transferring 56997|204851|283455|92|157|207|369| CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2|PIK3R4|CABC1|HIPK1| phosphorus- 658|1195|1263|1455|1613|2011|2048| KSR2|ACVR2A|ADRBK2|AKT1|ARAF|BMPR1B| containing 2260|2263|2264|2322|2324|2444|2475| CLK1|PLK3|CSNK1G2|DAPK3|MARK2|EPHB2| groups 2580|2869|2870|2932|3984|4058|4296| FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|FRK| 4915|4920|5062|5063|5165|5422|5566| FRAP1|GAK|GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B|LIMK1|LTK| 5580|5584|5605|5607|5610|6792|7294| MAP3K11|NTRK2|ROR2|PAK2|PAK3|PDK3| 7786|9149|9201|9578|9625|9943|10114| POLA1|PRKACA|PRKCD|PRKCI|MAP2K2| 10188|10733|10783|10849|11113|11213| MAP2K5|EIF2AK2|CDKL5|TXK|MAP3K12| 11214|23049|23396|27347|28996|29959| DYRK1B|DCLK1|CDC42BPB|AATK|OXSR1| 30811|50488|55229|55577|55872|56164| HIPK3|TNK2|PLK4|NEK6|CD3EAP|CIT| 57551|65220|79705|84197|115701|166614 IRAK3|AKAP13|SMG1|PIP5K1C|STK39| HIPK2|NRBP1|HUNK|MINK1|PANK4|NAGK| PBK|STK31|TAOK1|NADK|LRRK1|FLJ23356| ALPK2|DCLK2 IPR017441 (MF) Protein 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA|MAP4K4| −48.277 kinase 23604|29110|1019|2045|2050|3717|4914| KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1|CDK4|EPHA7| ATP binding, 5594|6196|6446|8558|9641|204851|157| EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1| conserved 207|369|658|1195|1263|1455|1613|2011| CDK10|IKBKE|HIPK1|ADRBK2|AKT1|ARAF| site 2048|2260|2264|2322|2324|2444|2869| BMPR1B|CLK1|PLK3|CSNK1G2|DAPK3| 2870|2932|3984|4058|4296|4915|5062| MARK2|EPHB2|FGFR1|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4| 5063|5566|5584|5605|5607|5610|6792| FRK|GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B|LIMK1|LTK| 7294|9149|9201|9578|9625|9943|10114| MAP3K11|NTRK2|PAK2|PAK3|PRKACA| 10188|10733|10783|11113|27347|28996| PRKCI|MAP2K2|MAP2K5|EIF2AK2|CDKL5| 30811|50488|57551|166614 TXK|DYRK1B|DCLK1|CDC42BPB|AATK| OXSR1|HIPK3|TNK2|PLK4|NEK6|CIT| STK39|HIPK2|HUNK|MINK1|TAOK1|DCLK2 GO:0004674 (MF) protein 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA|MAP4K4| −47.124 serine/ 23604|29110|1019|5594|6196|6446|8558| KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1|CDK4|MAPK1| threonine 9641|10595|30849|204851|283455|92| RPS6KA2|SGK1|CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2| kinase 157|207|369|658|1195|1263|1455|1613| PIK3R4|HIPK1|KSR2|ACVR2A|ADRBK2|AKT1| activity 2011|2475|2580|2869|2870|2932|3984| ARAF|BMPR1B|CLK1|PLK3|CSNK1G2|DAPK3| 4296|5062|5063|5566|5580|5584|5605| MARK2|FRAP1|GAK|GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B| 5607|5610|6792|7786|9149|9201|9578| LIMK1|MAP3K11|PAK2|PAK3|PRKACA|PRKCD| 9625|9943|10114|10733|10783|11113| PRKCI|MAP2K2|MAP2K5|EIF2AK2|CDKL5| 11213|11214|23049|27347|28996|30811| MAP3K12|DYRK1B|DCLK1|CDC42BPB|AATK| 50488|55872|56164|57551|79705| OXSR1|HIPK3|PLK4|NEK6|CIT|IRAK3| 115701|166614 AKAP13|SMG1|STK39|HIPK2|HUNK|MINK1| PBK|STK31|TAOK1|LRRK1|ALPK2|DCLK2 GO:0006793 (BP) 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA| −46.041 phosphorus 23604|29110|537|1019|1845|2045|2050| MAP4K4|KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1| metabolic 3717|4914|5594|6196|6446|8558|9641| ATP6AP1|CDK4|DUSP3|EPHA7|EPHB4| process 10595|30849|204851|283455|92|157| JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1| 207|369|658|975|1195|1263|1385| CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2|PIK3R4|HIPK1|KSR2| 1455|1613|2011|2048|2260|2263|2264| ACVR2A|ADRBK2|AKT1|ARAF|BMPR1B| 2322|2324|2357|2444|2475|2580|2869| CD81ICLK1|PLK3|CREB1|CSNK1G2|DAPK3| 2870|2932|3725|3984|4058|4296|4915| MARK2|EPHB2|FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3| 4920|5062|5063|5165|5566|5580|5584| FLT4|FPR1|FRK|FRAP1|GAK|GRK5|GRK6| 5605|5607|5610|5797|5798|6792|7294| GSK3B|JUN|LIMK1|LTK|MAP3K11|NTRK2| 7786|9149|9201|9578|9625|9943|10114| ROR2|PAK2|PAK3|PDK3|PRKACA|PRKCD| 10188|10733|10783|11113|11213|23049| PRKCI|MAP2K2|MAP2K5|EIF2AK2|PTPRM| 27347|28996|29959|30811|50488|54866| PTPRN|CDKL5|TXK|MAP3K12|DYRK1B| 55872|56164|57551|65220|79705|84197| DCLK1|CDC42BPB|AATK|OXSR1|HIPK3| 114971|115701|166614|338599 TNK2|PLK4|NEK6|CIT|IRAK3|SMG1| STK39|HIPK2|NRBP1|HUNK|MINK1| PPP1R14D|PBK|STK31|TAOK1|NADK| LRRK1|FLJ23356|PTPMT1|ALPK2| DCLK2|DUPD1 GO:0006796 (BP) 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA| −46.041 phosphate 23604|29110|537|1019|1845|2045|2050| MAP4K4|KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|TBK1| metabolic 3717|4914|5594|6196|6446|8558|9641| ATP6AP1|CDK4|DUSP3|EPHA7|EPHB4| process 10595|30849|204851|283455|92|157|207| JAK2|NTRK1|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1| 369|658|975|1195|1263|1385|1455|1613| CDK10|IKBKE|ERN2|PIK3R4|HIPK1| 2011|2048|2260|2263|2264|2322|2324| KSR2|ACVR2A|ADRBK2|AKT1|ARAF| 2357|2444|2475|2580|2869|2870|2932| BMPR1B|CD81|CLK1|PLK3|CREB1| 3725|3984|4058|4296|4915|4920|5062| CSNK1G2|DAPK3|MARK2|EPHB2|FGFR1| 5063|5165|5566|5580|5584|5605|5607| FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|FPR1|FRK| 5610|5797|5798|6792|7294|7786|9149| FRAP1|GAK|GRK5|GRK6|GSK3B|JUN| 9201|9578|9625|9943|10114|10188| LIMK1|LTK|MAP3K11|NTRK2|ROR2| 10733|10783|11113|11213|23049|27347| PAK2|PAK3|PDK3|PRKACA|PRKCD| 28996|29959|30811|50488|54866|55872| PRKCI|MAP2K2|MAP2K5|EIF2AK2| 56164|57551|65220|79705|84197| PTPRM|PTPRN|CDKL5|TXK|MAP3K12| 114971|115701|166614|338599 DYRK1B|DCLK1|CDC42BPB|AATK|OXSR1| HIPK3|TNK2|PLK4|NEK6|CIT|IRAK3| SMG1|STK39|HIPK2|NRBP1|HUNK| MINK1|PPP1R14D|PBK|STK31|TAOK1| NADK|LRRK1|FLJ23356|PTPMT1|ALPK2| DCLK2|DUPD1 IPR008271 (MF) Serine/ 816|5606|6093|8476|9448|23387|23552| CAMK2B|MAP2K3|ROCK1|CDC42BPA| −36.695 threonine 23604|1019|5594|6196|6446|8558| MAP4K4|KIAA0999|CCRK|DAPK2|CDK4| protein 10595|30849|204851|283455|92|157| MAPK1|RPS6KA2|SGK1|CDK10|ERN2| kinase, 207|369|658|1195|1263|1455|1613| PIK3R4|HIPK1|KSR2|ACVR2A|ADRBK2| active site 2011|2580|2870|2932|4296|5062|5063| AKT1|ARAF|BMPR1B|CLK1|PLK3| 5566|5584|5605|5607|5610|6792|7786| CSNK1G2|DAPK3|MARK2|GAK|GRK6| 9149|9201|9578|10114|10783|11113| GSK3B|MAP3K11|PAK2|PAK3|PRKACA| 28996|30811|50488|55872|57551| PRKCI|MAP2K2|MAP2K5|EIF2AK2| 166614 CDKL5|MAP3K12|DYRK1B|DCLK1| CDC42BPB|HIPK3|NEK6|CIT|HIPK2| HUNK|MINK1|PBK|TAOK1|DCLK2 GO:0004713 (MF) protein 5606|2045|2050|3717|4914|1195|2048| MAP2K3|EPHA7|EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1| −16.387 tyrosine kinase 2260|2263|2264|2322|2324|2444|3984| CLK1|EPHB2|FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4| activity 4058|4296|4915|4920|5605|5607|7294| FLT3|FLT4|FRK|LIMK1|LTK|MAP3K11| 7786|9149|9625|10188|10733 NTRK2|ROR2|MAP2K2|MAP2K5|TXK| MAP3K12|DYRKIB|AATK|TNK2|PLK4 IPR008266 (MF) Tyrosine 2045|2050|3717|4914|2048|2260|2264| EPHA7|EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1|EPHB2| −12.443 protein kinase, 2322|2324|2444|4058|4915|4920|7294| FGFR1|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|FRK|LTK| active site 9625|10188|10733 NTRK2|ROR2|TXK|AATK|TNK2|PLK4 GO:0019199 (MF) 2045|2050|4914|92|658|2048|2260| EPHA7|EPHB4|NTRK1|ACVR2A|BMPR1B| −9.992 transmembrane 2263|2264|2322|2324|4058|4915|4920 EPHB2|FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3| receptor protein FLT4|LTK|NTRK2|ROR2 kinase activity GO:0004714 (MF) 2045|2050|4914|2048|2260|2263|2264| EPHA7|EPHB4|NTRK1|EPHB2|FGFR1| −8.817 transmembrane 2322|2324|4058|4915|4920 FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|LTK|NTRK2| receptor protein ROR2 tyrosine kinase activity IPR017892 (MF) Protein 6093|8476|6196|6446|207|5566|5584| ROCK1|CDC42BPA|RPS6KA2|SGK1|AKT1| −7.624 kinase, 9578|11113 PRKACA|PRKCI|CDC42BPB|CIT C-terminal IPR000961 (MF) AGC- 6093|8476|6196|6446|207|5566|5584| ROCK1|CDC42BPA|RPS6KA2|SGK1|AKT1| −7.624 kinase, 9578|11113 PRKACA|PRKCI|CDC42BPB|CIT C-terminal GO:0019992 (MF) 6093|8476|283455|369|5580|5584| ROCK1|CDC42BPA|KSR2|ARAF|PRKCD| −7.265 diacylglycerol 9578|11113|11214|29127 PRKCI|CDC42BPB|CIT|AKAP13| binding RACGAP1 GO:0007243 (BP) 9448|10159|23604|29110|3717|5594| MAP4K4|ATP6AP2|DAPK2|TBK1|JAK2| −6.911 protein kinase 6196|8837|9641|147|207|602|975| MAPK1|RPS6KA2|CFLAR|IKBKE| cascade 1613|2011|2260|2357|4296|4920| ADRA1B|AKT1|BCL3|CD81|DAPK3| 5566|7786|9943|10783|28996|50488| MARK2|FGFR1|FPR1|MAP3K11|ROR2| 124583 PRKACA|MAP3K12|OXSR1|NEK6| HIPK2|MINK1|CANT1 IPR002219 (MF) Protein 6093|8476|283455|369|5584|9578| ROCK1|CDC42BPA|KSR2|ARAF|PRKCI| −6.252 kinase 11113|11214|29127 CDC42BPB|CIT|AKAP13|RACGAP1 C, phorbol ester/ diacylglycerol binding GO:0048194 (BP) Golgi 9276|22820|372|1314|5584 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|PRKCI −5.897 vesicle budding IPR001180 (MF) Citron- 8476|9448|9578|11113|50488 CDC42BPA|MAP4K4|CDC42BPB|CIT| −5.605 like MINK1 GO:0046777 (BP) protein 207|3725|4296|5062|5610| AKT1|JUN|MAP3K11|PAK2|EIF2AK2| −5.303 amino acid 6792|7786|23049 CDKL5|MAP3K12|SMG1 auto- phosphorylation GO:0016540 (BP) protein 207|3725|4296|5062|5610| AKT1|JUN|MAP3K11|PAK2|EIF2AK2| −5.168 autoprocessing 6792|7786|23049 CDKL5|MAP3K12|SMG1 GO:0046961 (MF) hydrogen 527|533|9114|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1| −5.003 ion transporting ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 ATPase activity, rotational mechanism GO:0016485 (BP) protein 207|3725|4296|5062|5610|6792| AKT1|JUN|MAP3K11|PAK2| −4.974 processing 7786|9159|23049|55851 EIF2AK2|CDKL5|MAP3K12|PCSK7| SMG1|PSENEN GO:0006900 (BP) membrane 9276|22820|372|1314|5584 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|PRKCI −4.957 budding GO:0030126 (CC) COPI 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.845 vesicle coat GO:0030663 (CC) COPI 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.845 coated vesicle membrane GO:0018105 (BP) peptidyl- 207|2932|7786|10114|23049 AKT1|GSK3B|MAP3K12|HIPK3|SMG1 −4.678 serine phosphorylation GO:0005057 (MF) receptor 3717|5594|9641|92|369|658| JAK2|MAPK1|IKBKE|ACVR2A|ARAF| −4.628 signaling protein 4296|7786|9201|27347|56300 BMPR1B|MAP3K11|MAP3K12|DCLK1| activity STK39|IL1F9 GO:0004702 (MF) receptor 5594|9641|92|658|4296|7786| MAPK1|IKBKE|ACVR2A|BMPR1B| −4.562 signaling protein 27347 MAP3K11|MAP3K12|STK39 serine/threonine kinase activity GO:0048206 (BP) vesicle 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.53 targeting, cis-Golgi to rough ER GO:0048204 (BP) vesicle 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.53 targeting, inter-Golgi cisterna GO:0048200 (BP) Golgi 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.53 transport vesicle coating GO:0048205 (BP) COPI 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.53 coating of Golgi vesicle GO:0048220 (BP) cis-Golgi 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.53 to rough ER vesicle- mediated transport GO:0048219 (BP) inter- 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.53 Golgi cisterna vesicle- mediated transport GO:0030137 (CC) COPI- 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.484 coated vesicle GO:0005829 (CC) 6093|6224|9276|22820|29110| ROCK1|RPS20|COPB2|COPG|TBK1| −4.432 cytosol 56893|790|1019|2539|5594| UBQLN4|CAD|CDK4|G6PD|MAPK1| 30849|51422|207|372|1314|2475| PIK3R4|PRKAG2|AKT1|ARCN1|COPA| 2932|2936|3320|3725|3837|4193| FRAP1|GSK3B|GSR|HSP90AA1|JUN| 5062|5580|5584|5707|6204|7786| KPNB1|MDM2|PAK2|PRKCD|PRKCI| 8021|29882|65220 PSMD1|RPS10|MAP3K12|NUP214| ANAPC2|NADK GO:0007167 (BP) enzyme 2022|2045|2050|3717|4914| ENG|EPHA7|EPHB4|JAK2|NTRK1| −4.41 linked receptor 92|207|658|2048|2260|2263|2264| ACVR2A|AKT1|BMPR1B|EPHB2|FGFR1| protein signaling 2322|2324|4058|4915|10849|28996 FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|LTK|NTRK2| pathway CD3EAP|HIPK2 GO:0018209 (BP) peptidyl- 207|2932|7786|10114|23049 AKT1|GSK3B|MAP3K12|HIPK3|SMG1 −4.324 serine modification GO:0006903 (BP) vesicle 9276|22820|372|1314|6811 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|STX5 −4.324 targeting GO:0005007 (MF) fibroblast 2260|2263|2264 FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4 −4.317 growth factor receptor activity GO:0044419 (BP) 23352|527|29110|5594|8837| UBR4|ATP6V0C|TBK1|MAPK1|CFLAR| −4.298 interspecies 10616|290|975|1385|3837|4193| RBCK1|ANPEP|CD81|CREB1|KPNB1| interaction 5062|5610|23770|28996 MDM2|PAK2|EIF2AK2|FKBP8|HIPK2 between organisms GO:0016469 (CC) proton- 527|533|9114|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1|ATP6V1A| −4.268 transporting ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 two-sector ATPase complex GO:0048199 (BP) vesicle 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −4.172 targeting, to, from or within Golgi GO:0048193 (BP) Golgi 9276|22820|372|1314|5584| COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|PRKCI| −4.164 vesicle 8677|29959|55850|57120 STX10|NRBP1|USE1|GOPC transport GO:0046034 (BP) ATP 527|533|523|526|537|65220 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2| −4.156 metabolic ATP6AP1|NADK process GO:0019829 (MF) cation- 527|533|9114|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1|ATP6V1A| −4.131 transporting ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 ATPase activity GO:0051650 (BP) 9276|22820|372|1314|6811 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|STX5 −4.025 establishment of vesicle localization GO:0042802 (MF) 6093|8476|23604|56893|335| ROCK1|CDC42BPA|DAPK2|UBQLN4|APOA1| −4.013 identical 3674|207|351|3320|4193|4296| ITGA2B|AKT1|APP|HSP90AA1|MDM2| protein 5062|5805|7786|9578|9943|11213| MAP3K11|PAK2|PTS|MAP3K12|CDC42BPB| binding 29959|57502 OXSR1|IRAK3|NRBP1|NLGN4X GO:0051648 (BP) vesicle 9276|22820|372|1314|6811 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|STX5 −3.935 localization GO:0006754 (BP) ATP 527|533|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2| −3.85 biosynthetic ATP6AP1 process IPR011009 (MF) Protein 56997|92|2475|4296|5062|5063| CABC1|ACVR2A|FRAP1|MAP3K11|PAK2| −3.844 kinase-like 23049 PAK3|SMG1 IPR000626 (MF) Ubiquitin 56893|10616|387082|6613|7341| UBQLN4|RBCK1|SUMO4|SUMO2|SUMO1| −3.8 10291 SF3A1 GO:0004703 (MF) G-protein 157|2869|2870 ADRBK2|GRK5|GRK6 −3.784 coupled receptor kinase activity IPR000239 (MF) GPCR 157|2869|2870 ADRBK2|GRK5|GRK6 −3.784 kinase GO:0006901 (BP) vesicle 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −3.752 coating IPR011989 (MF) Armadillo- 1434|22820|30849|2475|3837|5707| CSE1L|COPG|PIK3R4|FRAP1|KPNB1| −3.688 like helical 10297|23534|25831 PSMD1|APC2|TNPO3|HECTD1 IPR000095 (MF) PAK- 8476|5062|5063|9578 CDC42BPA|PAK2|PAK3|CDC42BPB −3.675 box/P21- Rho-binding GO:0007169 (BP) trans- 2045|2050|4914|207|2048|2260| EPHA7|EPHB4|NTRK1|AKT1|EPHB2| −3.6 membrane 2263|2264|2322|2324|4058|4915|10849 FGFR1|FGFR2|FGFR4|FLT3|FLT4|LTK| receptor NTRK2|CD3EAP protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway IPR006692 (MF) Coatomer, 9276|1314 COPB2|COPA −3.536 WD associated region GO:0048186 (MF) inhibin 3547|92 IGSF1|ACVR2A −3.536 beta-A binding GO:0046933 (MF) hydrogen 527|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 −3.487 ion transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism GO:0009205 (BP) purine 527|533|523|526|537|65220 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2| −3.443 ribonucleoside ATP6AP1|NADK triphosphate metabolic process GO:0009144 (BP) purine 527|533|523|526|537|65220 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2| −3.443 nucleoside ATP6AP1|NADK triphosphate metabolic process GO:0006890 (BP) retrograde 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −3.422 vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER GO:0009199 (BP) 527|533|523|526|537|65220 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2| −3.394 ribonucleoside ATP6AP1|NADK triphosphate metabolic process GO:0051656 (BP) 9276|22820|372|1314|6811 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|STX5 −3.28 establishment of organelle localization GO:0004715 (MF) non- 3717|1195|2444|7294|10188 JAK2|CLK1|FRK|TXK|TNK2 −3.246 membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity GO:0006886 (BP) 1434|9276|22820|3717|207|372|602| CSE1L|COPB2|COPG|JAK2|AKT1|ARCN1| −3.234 intracellular 1314|2932|3837|5584|6811|8021|8677| BCL3|COPA|GSK3B|KPNB1|PRKCI|STX5 protein transport 9972|51172|57120|64601 |NUP214|STX10|NUP153|NAGPA|GOPC| VPS16 GO:0000287 (MF) magnesium 8476|23387|6196|10595|92|658|2011| CDC42BPA|KIAA0999|RPS6KA2|ERN2| −3.203 ion binding 3778|5063|5607|7786|9578|9943| ACVR2A|BMPR1B|MARK2|KCNMA1|PAK3| 10188|10783|11213|79705 MAP2K5|MAP3K12|CDC42BPB|OXSR1| TNK2|NEK6|IRAK3|LRRK1 GO:0018193 (BP) peptidyl- 3717|207|975|2932|5165|7786| JAK2|AKT1|CD81|GSK3B|PDK3|MAP3K12| −3.181 amino acid 10114|10188|23049 HIPK3|TNK2|SMG1 modification IPR001876 (MF) Zinc 10181|10616|4193|9972 RBM5|RBCK1|MDM2|NUP153 −3.169 finger, RanBP2-type IPR016024 (MF) 1434|22820|30849|2475|3837|5707| CSE1L|COPG|PIK3R4|FRAP1|KPNB1| −3.167 Armadillo- 10297|23534|25831 PSMD1|APC2|TNPO3|HECTD1 type fold GO:0046907 (BP) 1434|9276|22820|3717|10381|70|207| CSE1L|COPB2|COPG|JAK2|TUBB3|ACTC1| −3.155 intracellular 372|602|1314|2932|3320|3837|5584| AKT1|ARCN1|BCL3|COPA|GSK3B|HSP90AA1| transport 6811|8021|8677|9201|9972|23049| KPNB1|PRKCI|STX5|NUP214|STX10|DCLK1| 29959|51172|55850|57120|64601| NUP153|SMG1|NRBP1|NAGPA|USE1| 203068 GOPC|VPS16|TUBB IPR002011 (MF) Receptor 4914|4058|4915 NTRK1|LTK|NTRK2 −3.133 tyrosine kinase, class II, conserved site GO:0016050 (BP) vesicle 9276|22820|372|1314|5584 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|PRKCI −3.106 organization and biogenesis GO:0009141 (BP) nucleoside 527|533|523|526|537|65220 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −3.079 triphosphate ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1|NADK metabolic process GO:0000060 (BP) protein 3717|207|602|3837 JAK2|AKT1|BCL3|KPNB1 −3.07 import into nucleus, translocation IPR016248 (MF) Fibroblast 2260|2264 FGFR1|FGFR4 −3.064 growth factor receptor GO:0009206 (BP) purine 527|533|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −3.052 ribonucleoside ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 triphosphate biosynthetic process GO:0009145 (BP) purine 527|533|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −3.052 nucleoside ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 triphosphate biosynthetic process GO:0009201 (BP) ribo- 527|533|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −2.999 nucleoside ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 triphosphate biosynthetic process GO:0005774 (CC) vacuolar 527|533|9114|537|51257| ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1| −2.977 membrane 64601 ATP6AP1|MARCH2|VPS16 GO:0044453 (CC) nuclear 1434|1717|3837|7341|8021| CSE1L|DHCR7|KPNB1|SUMO1| −2.942 membrane part 9972|10280 NUP214|NUP153|OPRS1 GO:0018107 (BP) peptidyl- 7786|10114 MAP3K12|HIPK3 −2.931 threonine phosphorylation GO:0009142 (BP) nucleoside 527|533|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −2.899 triphosphate ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 biosynthetic process GO:0051240 (BP) positive 10159|92|147|207|602|658| ATP6AP2|ACVR2A|ADRA1B|AKT1| −2.88 regulation of 3356 BCL3|BMPR1B|HTR2A multicellular organismal process GO:0000165 (BP) 10159|5594|975|2260|2357|4296| ATP6AP2|MAPK1|CD81|FGFR1| −2.859 MAPKKK 4920|7786|28996|50488 FPR1|MAP3K11|ROR2|MAP3K12| cascade HIP1C2|MINK1 GO:0044437 (CC) vacuolar 527|533|9114|537|51257|64601 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1| −2.851 part ATP6AP1|MARCH2|VPS16 GO:0004693 (MF) cyclin- 23552|1019|8558|6792 CCRK|CDK4|CDK10|CDKL5 −2.849 dependent protein kinase activity GO:0015992 (BP) proton 527|533|9114|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1| −2.808 transport ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 IPR016257 (MF) Tyrosine- 2045|2050|2048 EPHA7|EPHB4|EPHB2 −2.806 protein kinase, ephrin receptor IPR001090 (MF) Ephrin 2045|2050|2048 EPHA7|EPHB4|EPHB2 −2.806 receptor, ligand binding IPR000194 (MF) ATPase, 523|526|9972 ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2|NUP153 −2.806 F1/V1/A1 complex, alpha/beta subunit, nucleotide- binding IPR001426 (MF) Receptor 2045|2050|2048 EPHA7|EPHB4|EPHB2 −2.806 tyrosine kinase, class V, conserved site GO:0042625 (MF) ATPase 527|533|9114|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1| −2.781 activity, ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 coupled to transmembrane movement of ions GO:0009150 (BP) purine 527|533|523|526|537|65220 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −2.773 ribonucleotide ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1|NADK metabolic process IPR014930 (MF) DMPK 8476|9578 CDC42BPA|CDC42BPB −2.768 coiled coil IPR000959 (MF) POLO 1263|10733 PLK3|PLK4 −2.768 box duplicated region IPR010606 (MF) Mib- 25831|57534 HECTD1|MIB1 −2.768 herc2 GO:0048184 (MF) 3547|92 IGSF1|ACVR2A −2.768 follistatin binding GO:0016265 (BP) death 1434|6093|23604|3717|5594|6446| CSE1L|ROCK1|DAPK2|JAK2|MAPK1| −2.76 8837|10595|56997|70|207|351|602| SGK1|CFLAR|ERN2|CABC1|ACTC1| 1613|2932|3356|3778|5062|5610| AKT1|APP|BCL3|DAPK3|GSK3B| 6478|7178|9135|9231|10114|10783| HTR2A|KCNMA1|PAK2|EIF2AK2| 23770|28996|54507|203068 SIAH2|TPT1|RABEP1|DLG5|HIPK3| NEK6|FKBP8|HIPK2|ADAMTSL4|TUBB GO:0008219 (BP) cell 1434|6093|23604|3717|5594|6446| CSE1L|ROCK1|DAPK2|JAK2|MAPK1| −2.76 death 8837|10595|56997|70|207|351|602| SGK1|CFLAR|ERN2|CABC1|ACTC1| 1613|2932|3356|3778|5062|5610| AKT1|APP|BCL3|DAPK3|GSK3B| 6478|7178|9135|9231|10114|10783| HTR2A|KCNMA1|PAK2|EIF2AK2|SIAH2| 23770|28996|54507|203068 TPT1|RABEP1|DLG5|HIPK3|NEK6| FKBP8|HIPK2|ADAMTSL4|TUBB GO:0051640 (BP) organelle 9276|22820|372|1314|6811 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|STX5 −2.759 localization GO:0001654 (BP) eye 2703|658|5584|6015|23770 GJA8|BMPR1B|PRKCI|RING1|FKBP8 −2.759 development GO:0005798 (CC) Golgi- 9276|22820|372|1314|57120 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA|GOPC −2.744 associated vesicle GO:0006818 (BP) hydrogen 527|533|9114|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1|ATP6V1A| −2.738 transport ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 GO:0015672 (BP) 527|533|3760|9114|523|526|537| ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|KCNJ3|ATP6V0D1| −2.728 monovalent 6328|6340|6446|3356|3767|3778| ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1|SCN3A| inorganic 6334|56660 SCNN1G|SGK1|HTR2A|KCNJ11| cation transport KCNMA1|SCN8A|KCNK12 IPR017442 (MF) Serine/ 92|4296|5062|5063 ACVR2A|MAP3K11|PAK2|PAK3 −2.636 threonine protein kinase- related GO:0030120 (CC) vesicle 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −2.59 coat IPR000719 (MF) Protein 92|4296|5062|5063 ACVR2A|MAP3K11|PAK2|PAK3 −2.587 kinase, core GO:0006915 (BP) 1434|6093|23604|3717|5594|6446| CSE1L|ROCK1|DAPK2|JAK2|MAPK1| −2.584 apoptosis 8837|10595|70|207|351|602|1613| SGK1|CFLAR|ERN2|ACTC1|AKT1|APP| 2932|3778|5062|5610|6478|7178| BCL3|DAPK3|GSK3B|KCNMA1|PAK2| 9135|9231|10114|10783|23770| EIF2AK2|SIAH2|TPT1|RABEP1|DLG5| 28996|54507|203068 HIPK3|NEK6|FKBP8|HIPK2|ADAMTSL4| TUBB GO:0016023 (CC) 9276|22820|335|526|3674|9230| COPB2|COPG|APOA1|ATP6V1B2|ITGA2B| −2.584 cytoplasmic 351|372|1314|3320|7423|51393| RAB11B|APP|ARCN1|COPA|HSP90AA1| membrane- 57085|57120 VEGFB|TRPV2|AGTRAP|GOPC bounded vesicle GO:0005654 (CC) 1019|1845|5594|6196|51422|207| CDK4|DUSP3|MAPK1|RPS6KA2|PRKAG2| −2.569 nucleoplasm 1385|3725|3837|4193|5422|6015| AKT1|CREB1|JUN|KPNB1|MDM2| 6604|7005|7341|9575|9972|10036| POLA1|RING1|SMARCD3|TEAD3|SUMO1| 10849|28996|29882 CLOCK|NUP153|CHAF1A|CD3EAP| HIPK2|ANAPC2 GO:0005003 (MF) ephrin 2045|2050|2048 EPHA7|EPHB4|EPHB2 −2.551 receptor activity CORUM1261 SRm160/300 6627|6625 SNRPA1|SNRP70 −2.551 complex IPR000793 (MF) ATPase, 523|526 ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2 −2.551 F1/V1/A1 complex, alpha/beta subunit, C-terminal IPR004100 (MF) ATPase, 523|526 ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2 −2.551 F1/V1/A1 complex, alpha/beta subunit, N-terminal GO:0031988 (CC) 9276|22820|335|526|3674|9230|351| COPB2|COPG|APOA1|ATP6V1B2| −2.529 membrane- 372|1314|3320|7423|51393|57085| ITGA2B|RAB11B|APP|ARCN1| bounded 57120 COPA|HSP90AA1|VEGFB|TRPV2| vesicle AGTRAP|GOPC GO:0031410 (CC) 9276|22820|335|526|3674|9230|351| COPB2|COPG|APOA1|ATP6V1B2|ITGA2B| −2.529 cytoplasmic 372|1314|3320|7423|51393|57085| RAB11B|APP|ARCN1|COPA|HSP90AA1| vesicle 57120|57534|440738 VEGFB|TRPV2|AGTRAP|GOPC|MIB1| MAP1LC3C GO:0051649 (BP) 1434|9276|22820|335|3717|10381|70| CSE1L|COPB2|COPG|APOA1|JAK2| −2.525 establishment 207|372|602|1314|2932|3320|3356| TUBB3|ACTC1|AKT1|ARCN1|BCL3| of localization 3837|5584|6811|8021|8677|9201| COPA|GSK3B|HSP90AA1|HTR2A|KPNB1| in cell 9972|23049|29959|51172|55850| PRKCI|STX5|NUP214|STX10|DCLK1| 57120|64601|203068 NUP153|SMG1|NRBP1|NAGPA|USE1| GOPC|VPS16|TUBB GO:0012501 (BP) 1434|6093|23604|3717|5594|6446| CSE1L|ROCK1|DAPK2|JAK2|MAPK1| −2.521 programmed 8837|10595|70|207|351|602|1613| SGK1|CFLAR|ERN2|ACTC1|AKT1| cell death 2932|3778|5062|5610|6478|7178| APP|BCL3|DAPK3|GSK3B|KCNMA1| 9135|9231|10114|10783|23770| PAK2|EIF2AK2|SIAH2|TPT1|RABEP1| 28996|54507|203068 DLG5|HIPK3|NEK6|FKBP8|HIPK2| ADAMTSL4|TUBB GO:0051704 (BP) multi- 23352|527|29110|5594|8837|10616| UBR4|ATP6V0C|TBK1|MAPK1|CFLAR| −2.492 organism 290|602|975|1385|1394|3837|4193| RBCK1|ANPEP|BCL3|CD81|CREB1| process 5062|5610|7005|23770|28996|57502 CRHR1|KPNB1|MDM2|PAK2|EIF2AK2| TEAD3|FKBP8|HIPK2|NLGN4X GO:0008283 (BP) cell 1434|3568|3581|1019|2050|3717| CSE1L|IL5RA|IL9R|CDK4|EPHB4| −2.465 proliferation 8558|92|147|975|1195|1717|2322| JAK2|CDK10|ACVR2A|ADRA1B|CD81| 2324|2342|2444|3356|4193|4296| CLK1|DHCR7|FLT3|FLT4|FNTB| 5422|5610|6624|7423|9180|9231| FRK|HTR2A|MDM2|MAP3K11|POLA1| 29127 EIF2AK2|FSCN1|VEGFB|OSMR| DLG5|RACGAP1 GO:0033036 (BP) 1434|9276|22820|335|3717|9230| CSE1L|COPB2|COPG|APOA1|JAK2| −2.465 macromolecule 207|372|602|975|1314|2932|3837| RAB11B|AKT1|ARCN1|BCL3|CD81| localization 5584|6811|7341|8021|8570|8677| COPA|GSK3B|KPNB1|PRKCI|STX5| 9135|9972|23049|23534|51172| SUMO1|NUP214|KHSRP|STX10|RABEP1| 55850|57120|64284|64601 NUP153|SMG1|TNPO3|NAGPA|USE1| GOPC|RAB17|VPS16 GO:0030662 (CC) coated 9276|22820|372|1314 COPB2|COPG|ARCN1|COPA −2.457 vesicle membrane GO:0031982 (CC) vesicle 9276|22820|335|526|3674|9230| COPB2|COPG|APOA1|ATP6V1B2|ITGA2B| −2.453 351|372|1314|3320|7423|51393| RAB11B|APP|ARCN1|COPA|HSP90AA1| 57085|57120|57534|440738 VEGFB|TRPV2|AGTRAP|GOPC|MIB1| MAP1LC3C GO.0006163 (BP) purine 527|533|523|526|537|65220 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2| −2.451 nucleotide ATP6AP1|NADK metabolic process GO:0009259 (BP) 527|533|523|526|537|65220 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2| −2.451 ribonucleotide ATP6AP1|NADK metabolic process GO:0044433 (CC) 9276|22820|3674|351|372|1314| COPB2|COPG|ITGA2B|APP|ARCN1| −2.431 cytoplasmic 7423|57085 COPA|VEGFB|AGTRAP vesicle part GO:0030315 (CC) T-tubule 3760|3767 KCNJ3|KCNJ11 −2.406 GO:0007188 (BP) G-protein 147|1394|2357|2869|4886 ADRA1B|CRHR1|FPR1|GRK5|NPY1R −2.4 signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger GO:0043010 (BP) camera-type 2703|658|6015|23770 GJA8|BMPR1B|RING1|FKBP8 −2.397 eye development GO:0048185 (MF) activin 3547|92 IGSF1|ACVR2A −2.38 binding IPR003152 (MF) PIK- 2475|23049 FRAP1|SMG1 −2.38 related kinase, FATC IPR003121 (MF) 4193|6604 MDM2|SMARCD3 −2.38 SWIB/MDM2 IPR000158 (MF) Cell 10381|203068 TUBB3|TUBB −2.38 division protein FtsZ, N- terminal GO:0008553 (MF) hydrogen- 9114|526 ATP6V0D1|ATP6V1B2 −2.38 exporting ATPase activity, phosphorylative mechanism IPR015750 (MF) Serine/ 5062|5063 PAK2|PAK3 −2.38 threonine kinase Pak- related GO:0009152 (BP) purine 527|533|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −2.33 ribonucleotide ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 biosynthetic process GO:0005643 (CC) nuclear 1434|3837|7341|8021|9972 CSE1L|KPNB1|SUMO1|NUP214|NUP153 −2.271 pore GO:0051641 (BP) cellular 1434|9276|22820|335|3717| CSE1L|COPB2|COPG|APOA1|JAK2| −2.264 localization 10381|70|207|372|602|1314|2932| TUBB3|ACTC1|AKT1|ARCN1|BCL3| 3320|3356|3837|5584|6811|8021| COPA|GSK3B|HSP90AA1|HTR2A| 8677|9201|9972|23049|29959|51172| KPNB1|PRKCI|STX5|NUP214|STX10| 55850|57120|64601|203068 DCLK1|NUP153|SMG1|NRBP1|NAGPA| USE1|GOPC|VPS16|TUBB GO:0019933 (BP) cAMP- 147|1394|2357|2869|4886 ADRA1B|CRHR1|FPR1|GRK5|NPY1R −2.264 mediated signaling GO:0015078 (MF) hydrogen 527|533|9114|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1| −2.261 ion ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 transmembrane transporter activity GO:0018210 (BP) peptidyl- 7786|10114 MAP3K12|HIPK3 −2.249 threonine modification GO:0004691 (MF) cAMP- 5566|11214 PRKACA|AKAP13 −2.238 dependent protein kinase activity GO:0006913 (BP) nucleo- 1434|3717|207|602|2932| CSE1L|JAK2|AKT1|BCL3|GSK3B| −2.211 cytoplasmic 3837|8021|23049 KPNB1|NUP214|SMG1 transport GO:0008104 (BP) protein 1434|9276|22820|335|3717|9230| CSE1L|COPB2|COPG|APOA1|JAK2| −2.204 localization 207|372|602|975|1314|2932| RAB11B|AKT1|ARCN1|BCL3|CD81| 3837|5584|6811|7341|8021|8677| COPA|GSK3B|KPNB1|PRKCI|STX5| 9135|9972|23534|51172|55850| SUMO1|NUP214|STX10|RABEP1| 57120|64284|64601 NUP153|TNPO3|NAGPA|USE1|GOPC| RAB17|VPS16 GO:0006164 (BP) purine 527|533|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −2.2 nucleotide ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 biosynthetic process GO:0000139 (CC) Golgi 3265|6093|9276|22820|372| HRAS|ROCK1|COPB2|COPG|ARCN1| −2.191 membrane 1314|6811|8677|9159|10297|30815| COPA|STX5|STX10|PCSK7|APC2| 57085|57120 ST6GALNAC6|AGTRAP|GOPC GO:0007423 (BP) sensory 2703|658|3778|5584|6015|23770 GJA8|BMPR1B|KCNMA1|PRKCI| −2.182 organ RING1|FKBP8 development GO:0005977 (BP) glycogen 51422|147|207|2932 PRKAG2|ADRA1B|AKT1|GSK3B −2.175 metabolic process GO:0051169 (BP) nuclear 1434|3717|207|602|2932| CSE1L|JAK2|AKT1|BCL3|GSK3B| −2.174 transport 3837|8021|23049 KPNB1|NUP214|SMG1 GO:0006073 (BP) glucan 51422|147|207|2932 PRKAG2|ADRA1B|AKT1|GSK3B −2.134 metabolic process IPR003533 (MF) 9201|166614 DCLK1|DCLK2 −2.118 Doublecortin IPR001824 (MF) Receptor 2322|2324 FLT3|FLT4 −2.118 tyrosine kinase, class III, conserved site GO:0043121 (MF) 4914|4915 NTRK1|NTRK2 −2.118 neurotrophin binding IPR016130 (MF) Protein- 1845|5797|5798|114971| DUSP3|PTPRM|PTPRN|PTPMT1| −2.11 tyrosine 338599 DUPD1 phosphatase, active site IPR008979 (MF) Galactose- 2045|2050|2048|25831 EPHA7|EPHB4|EPHB2|HECTD1 −2.11 binding like GO:0045197 (BP) 2011|5584 MARK2|PRKCI −2.109 establishment and/or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/ basal polarity GO:0003002 (BP) 92|658|4920|6015|23770|57534 ACVR2A|BMPR1B|ROR2|RING1| −2.085 regionalization FKBP8|MIB1 GO:0009260 (BP) 527|533|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V1A| −2.08 ribonucleotide ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 biosynthetic process GO:0046930 (CC) pore 1434|3837|7341|8021|9972 CSE1L|KPNB1|SUMO1|NUP214| −2.046 complex NUP153 GO:0015031 (BP) protein 1434|9276|22820|335|3717|9230| CSE1L|COPB2|COPG|APOA1|JAK2| −2.039 transport 207|372|602|1314|2932|3837| RAB11B|AKT1|ARCN1|BCL3|COPA| 5584|6811|8021|8677|9135|9972| GSK3B|KPNB1|PRKCI|STX5|NUP214| 23534|51172|55850|57120|64284| STX10|RABEP1|NUP153|TNPO3| 64601 NAGPA|USE1|GOPC|RAB17|VPS16 IPR000387 (MF) Protein- 1845|5797|5798|114971|338599 DUSP3|PTPRM|PTPRN|PTPMT1|DUPD1 −2.037 tyrosine phosphatase GO:0045184 (BP) 1434|9276|22820|335|3717|9230| CSE1L|COPB2|COPG|APOA1|JAK2| −2.032 establishment 207|372|602|1314|2932|3837| RAB11B|AKT1|ARCN1|BCL3|COPA| of protein 5584|6811|8021|8677|9135|9972| GSK3B|KPNB1|PRKCI|STX5|NUP214| localization 23534|51172|55850|57120|64284| STX10|RABEP1|NUP153|TNPO3| 64601 NAGPA|USE1|GOPC|RAB17|VPS16 GO:0015077 (MF) 527|533|9114|523|526|537 ATP6V0C|ATP6V0B|ATP6V0D1| −2.032 monovalent ATP6V1A|ATP6V1B2|ATP6AP1 inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005635 (CC) nuclear 1434|1717|3837|5422|7341| CSE1L|DHCR7|KPNB1|POLA1| −2.026 envelope 8021|9972|10280 SUMO1|NUP214|NUP153|OPRS1 GO:0004690 (MF) cyclic 5566|11214 PRKACA|AKAP13 −2.014 nucleotide- dependent protein kinase activity GO:0031965 (CC) nuclear 1434|1717|3837|7341|8021| CSE1L|DHCR7|KPNB1|SUMO1| −2.008 membrane 9972|10280 NUP214|NUP153|OPRS1

TABLE 5 Functional Category Gene Names Cellular function Replication block IP3-PKC pathway ROCK1, CDC42BPA, KSR2, ARAF, PRKCI, Signaling Entry (MAP2K3) CDC42BPB, CIT, AKAP13, RACGAP1, EIF2AK2, CDK4, ACVR2A, MAPK1, PRKCD, MAP2K2, GRK5, ARAF, HIPK1, PAK3, MAP2K3, PTPMT1, LIMK1, PIP5K1C, PAK2, GRK6, SGK1 COPI vesicles ARCN1, COPA, COPB2, COPG, USE1 early endosome Entry (ARCN1) maturation, retrograde golgi to ER transport Endosomal ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, vATPase complex: Entry (ATP6V1A, uptake, ATP6AP1, ATP6V0D1, ATP6AP2, RABEP1, acidification of ATP6V1B2, maturation, PIP5K1C, VPS16, TRPV2, MARCH2, EPHB2 intracellular ATP6V0B, acidification organelles, including ATP6V0C, and fusion endosomes ATP6AP1) Actin organization GAK, APC2, CIT, PAK2, CDC42BPB, PAK3, Actin organization Entry (CD81, and function CDC42BPA, SGCA, FSCN1, OXSR1, CD81, and function FGFR2 FGFR4, FGFR2, FGFR4, ITGA3, AKAP13, ACTC1 ITGA3, AKAR13) FGFR1, LIMK1, ROCK1, PIK3R4 PI3K-AKT AKT1, BCL3, FRAP1, GSK3B, HRAS, Signaling Entry (GSK3B) pathway HSP90AA1, IKBKE, ITGA3, JAK2, MAP2K2, MAPK1, MDM2, PIK3R4, PIK3R4 Endosomal RAB11B, RAB17 Vesicle trafficking Entry (RAB11B) recycling pathway MAPK pathway MAP2K3, DUSP3, MAP3K12, MAPK1/ERK, Signaling Entry (MAP2K3, MAP2K2/MEK, ARAF, CAD, CREB1, EPHB2, DUSP3) FGFR4, HRAS, JUN, NTRK2, PAK2, PRKACA, PRKCD, MAP2K5, MAP4K4, HIPK3, ATP6AP2, STK39, MINK1, PBK, TAOK1, ZNF436, CANT1, KSR2 Proteases CTSW, PCSK7, KLK9, ANPEP, PRSS35 Post-translational Post-entry processing (PRSS35) Calcium/ CAMK2B, PRKACA, DAPK2, ADRA1B, Calcium regulation Post-entry Calmodulin CREB1, PRKAG2, DCLK2, GRK5, GRK6, and signaling (CAMK2B) Proteins KCNJ3, PKD1, PRKCD, STX5, CACGN4, AGTRAP Nuclear CSE1L, KPNB1, NUP214, NUP153, TNPO3 Nuclear trafficking Post-entry trafficking (KPNB1, CSE1L) Trafficking STX10, STX5, GOPC, CLL1, NRBP1 Membrane and ND Receptor trafficking Sumoylation SUMO2, SUMO1, SAE1, SUMO4 Post-translational ND modification Microtubule MID1IP1, TUBB, PRKCI, PLK4, MARK2, cytoskeletal ND organization and DCLK1, NUDCD3, RACGAP1, MAP1 LC3C organization function Autophagy PRKAG2, MAP1LC3C, FRAP1, HRAS Stress response ND Ubiquitination MDM2, UBQLN4, HECTD1, CBLL1, DTX2, Post-translational ND EPS8L3, FBXO44 modification ND = No Data

TABLE 6 Overrepresented functional pathways required for influenza virus replication. 295 host factors required for influenza virus replication were classified using the Ingenuity pathway and GeneGo analysis software (http://www.genego.com; http://www.ingenuity.com). This table lists the overrepresented pathways (column 1), significance (p-value) for each pathway (column 2) and gene names that fall into the respective pathway for Ingenuity (column 3). Ingenuity Canonical −Log10(P- Pathways value) Molecules Nicotinate and 1.00E+01 EIF2AK2, CDK4, ACVR2A, MAPK1, PRKCD, MAP2K2, NADK (includes Nicotinamide Metabolism EG: 65220), GRK5, ARAF, HIPK1, PAK3, MAP2K3, LIMK1, PAK2, GRK6, SGK1 Inositol Phosphate 9.84E+00 EIF2AK2, CDK4, ACVR2A, MAPK1, PRKCD, MAP2K2, GRK5, ARAF, HIPK1, PAK3, MAP2K3, Metabolism PTPMT1, LIMK1, PIP5K1C, PAK2, GRK6, SGK1 Molecular Mechanisms of 7.40E+00 PRKACA, GSK3B, CDK4, PRKCD, MAPK1, CAMK2B, BCL3, JAK2, MAP2K2, MDM2, CFLAR, Cancer BMPR1B, AKT1, HIPK2, PRKAG2, SYNGAP1, HRAS, JUN, PAK3, MAP2K3, PSENEN, PAK2, PRKCI B Cell Receptor Signaling 7.37E+00 GSK3B, MAPK1, CAMK2B, BCL3, FRAP1, MAP2K2, AKT1, IKBKE, HRAS, MAP3K12, NFAT5, JUN, CREB1, MAP3K11, MAP2K3 IL-8 Signaling 7.33E+00 IRAK3, ROCK1, PRKCD, MAPK1, FLT4, FRAP1, MAP2K2, AKT1, ARAF, IKBKE, VEGFB (includes EG: 7423), HRAS, MAP4K4, LIMK1, PAK2, PRKCI Ephrin Receptor Signaling 7.18E+00 ROCK1, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K2, AKT1, ITGA3, VEGFB (includes EG: 7423), HRAS, CREB1, PAK3, EPHB4, EPHB2, EPHA7, MAP4K4, LIMK1, PAK2 GNRH Signaling 6.90E+00 PRKACA, MAPK1, PRKCD, CAMK2B, MAP2K2, PRKAG2, HRAS, JUN, PAK3, CREB1, MAP2K3, PAK2, PRKCI Neurotrophin/TRK 6.63E+00 HRAS, JUN, CREB1, MAPK1, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, NTRK2, MAP2K5, NTRK1, AKT1 Signaling Insulin Receptor Signaling 6.42E+00 PRKACA, GSK3B, MAPK1, JAK2, FRAP1, MAP2K2, AKT1, PRKAG2, HRAS, SCNN1G, PPP1R14D, PRKCI, SGK1 PPAR(E±/RXR(E ± 6.34E+00 APOA1, PRKACA, ACVR2A, MAPK1, BCL3, JAK2, HSP90AA1, MAP2K2, IKBKE, Activation PRKAG2, HRAS, JUN, CLOCK, MAP2K3, MAP4K4 LPS-stimulated MAPK 6.20E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, JUN, CREB1, PRKCD, MAPK1, BCL3, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, PRKCI Signaling Melatonin Signaling 6.20E+00 PRKAG2, ARAF, PRKACA, PRKCD, MAPK1, CAMK2B, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, PRKCI, MAP2K5 PI3K/AKT Signaling 5.95E+00 ITGA3, IKBKE, HRAS, GSK3B, MAPK1, BCL3, JAK2, HSP90AA1, FRAP1, MDM2, MAP2K2, AKT1 Prostate Cancer Signaling 5.72E+00 HRAS, GSK3B, CREB1, MAPK1, BCL3, HSP90AA1, FRAP1, MDM2, MAP2K2, AKT1 Axonal Guidance 5.70E+00 PRKACA, ROCK1, GSK3B, PRKCD, MAPK1, MAP2K2, AKT1, PRKAG2, ITGA3, VEGFB (includes Signaling EG: 7423), HRAS, NFAT5, PAK3, EPHB4, EPHB2, EPHA7, LIMK1, NTRK2, PAK2, PRKCI, NTRK1 Erythropoietin Signaling 5.56E+00 HRAS, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, BCL3, JAK2, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 Amyloid Processing 5.54E+00 PRKAG2, PRKACA, GSK3B, MAPK1, CAPN6, PSENEN, APP, AKT1 Renin-Angiotensin 5.51E+00 PRKAG2, HRAS, PRKACA, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, PAK3, JAK2, MAP2K2, Signaling PRKCI, PAK2 IL-17 Signaling 5.30E+00 HRAS, IL17RA, GSK3B, JUN, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, AKT1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia 5.30E+00 ARAF, HRAS, FLT3, MAPK1, MAP2K3, FRAP1, MAP2K2, MAP2K5, AKT1 Signaling IL-6 Signaling 5.29E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, IL1F9, JUN, MAPK1, BCL3, JAK2, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, MAP4K4 NF- 

 ∫B Activation by 5.19E+00 ITGA3, IKBKE, HRAS, EIF2AK2, PRKCD, MAPK1, BCL3, PRKCI, AKT1 Viruses Germ Cell-Sertoli Cell 5.14E+00 TUBB, ITGA3, HRAS, ACTC1, TUBB3, MAPK1, PAK3, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, LIMK1, PAK2, AKT1 Junction Signaling Integrin Signaling 5.13E+00 ACTC1, ROCK1, GSK3B, MAPK1, CAPN6, MAP2K2, TNK2, AKT1, ITGA3, HRAS, PAK3, MAP3K11, PAK2, ITGA2B (includes EG: 3674) Glioma Signaling 5.08E+00 HRAS, CDK4, PRKCD, MAPK1, CAMK2B, FRAP1, MDM2, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 Cholecystokinin/Gastrin- 4.96E+00 HRAS, IL1F9, ROCK1, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, PRKCI, MAP2K5 mediated Signaling ERK/MAPK Signaling 4.77E+00 PRKACA, MAPK1, PRKCD, MAP2K2, PRKAG2, ITGA3, ARAF, HIST3H3 (includes EG: 8290), HRAS, PAK3, CREB1, PPP1R14D, PAK2, PRKCI Synaptic Long Term 4.69E+00 PRKAG2, HRAS, PRKACA, CREB1, PRKCD, MAPK1, CAMK2B, PPP1R14D, MAP2K2, PRKCI Potentiation CNTF Signaling 4.64E+00 HRAS, MAPK1, JAK2, RPS6KA2, FRAP1, MAP2K2, AKT1 14-3-3-mediated Signaling 4.62E+00 TUBB, HRAS, TUBB3, GSK3B, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 Neuregulin Signaling 4.53E+00 ITGA3, HRAS, PRKCD, MAPK1, HSP90AA1, FRAP1, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 FLT3 Signaling in 4.52E+00 HRAS, CREB1, FLT3, MAPK1, RPS6KA2, FRAP1, MAP2K2, AKT1 Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Cardiac Hypertrophy 4.52E+00 PRKACA, ROCK1, GSK3B, MAPK1, HAND2, FRAP1, MAP2K2, AKT1, PRKAG2, HRAS, JUN, Signaling CREB1, MAP2K3, ADRA1B PPAR Signaling 4.45E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, IL1F9, JUN, MAPK1, BCL3, HSP90AA1, MAP2K2, MAP4K4 IL-3 Signaling 4.43E+00 HRAS, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 NF-kB Signaling 4.35E+00 IRAK3, HRAS, EIF2AK2, PRKACA, IL1F9, GSK3B, BCL3, TBK1, MAP4K4, AKT1, BMPR1B Thrombopoietin Signaling 4.30E+00 HRAS, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K2, PRKCI Acute Phase Response 4.28E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, APOA1, IL1F9, JUN, MAPK1, BCL3, JAK2, MAP2K3, FRAP1, MAP2K2, AKT1 Signaling BMP signaling pathway 4.26E+00 PRKAG2, HRAS, PRKACA, JUN, CREB1, MAPK1, MAP2K2, BMPR1B NRF2-mediated Oxidative 4.13E+00 HRAS, ACTC1, GSR, GSK3B, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, PRKCI, MAP2K5, AKT1 Stress Response G-Protein Coupled 4.12E+00 PRKACA, MAPK1, BCL3, CAMK2B, MAP2K2, AKT1, IKBKE, SYNGAP1, PRKAG2, HRAS, CREB1, Receptor Signaling HTR2A, ADRA1B Aldosterone Signaling in 4.05E+00 PRKCD, MAPK1, SCNN1G, HSP90AA1, MAP2K2, PIP5K1C, PRKCI, SGK1 Epithelial Cells IL-15 Production 4.05E+00 JAK2, MAP3K11, FRK, TXK, PRKCI FGF Signaling 4.01E+00 HRAS, FGFR2, CREB1, MAPK1, MAP2K3, FGFR1, FGFR4, AKT1 Melanoma Signaling 4.00E+00 HRAS, CDK4, MAPK1, MDM2, MAP2K2, AKT1 JAK/Stat Signaling 3.95E+00 HRAS, MAPK1, SUMO1, JAK2, FRAP1, MAP2K2, AKT1 CD27 Signaling in 3.94E+00 IKBKE, JUN, BCL3, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, MAP2K5 Lymphocytes VEGF Signaling 3.90E+00 HRAS, VEGFB (includes EG: 7423), ACTC1, ROCK1, MAPK1, FLT4, MAP2K2, AKT1 CD40 Signaling 3.86E+00 IKBKE, JUN, MAPK1, BCL3, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, MAP2K5 Hypoxia Signaling in the 3.86E+00 JUN, CREB1, SUMO1, BCL3, HSP90AA1, MDM2, AKT1 Cardiovascular System Hepatic Cholestasis 3.85E+00 IKBKE, PRKAG2, IRAK3, PRKACA, IL1F9, JUN, PRKCD, BCL3, PRKCI, FGFR4 Apoptosis Signaling 3.83E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, ROCK1, MAPK1, BCL3, CAPN6, MAP2K2, MAP4K4 Glucocorticoid Receptor 3.82E+00 PRKACA, MAPK1, BCL3, JAK2, CCL13, HSP90AA1, MAP2K2, AKT1, IKBKE, HRAS, Signaling NFAT5, JUN, CREB1, SUMO1 CCR3 Signaling in 3.77E+00 HRAS, ROCK1, PRKCD, MAPK1, PAK3, MAP2K2, LIMK1, PRKCI, PAK2 Eosinophils CDK5 Signaling 3.72E+00 ITGA3, PRKAG2, HRAS, PRKACA, MAPK1, PPP1R14D, MAP2K2, NTRK2 IGF-1 Signaling 3.72E+00 PRKAG2, HRAS, PRKACA, JUN, MAPK1, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 Corticotropin Releasing 3.71E+00 PRKAG2, PRKACA, JUN, CREB1, PRKCD, MAPK1, CRHR1, MAP2K2, PRKCI Hormone Signaling Type II Diabetes Mellitus 3.71E+00 IKBKE, PRKAG2, KCNJ11, PRKCD, MAPK1, BCL3, FRAP1, PRKCI, AKT1 Signaling PTEN Signaling 3.65E+00 ITGA3, IKBKE, HRAS, GSK3B, MAPK1, MAP2K2, AKT1, BMPR1B Renal Cell Carcinoma 3.61E+00 HRAS, JUN, MAPK1, PAK3, MAP2K2, PAK2, AKT1 Signaling 4-IBB Signaling in T 3.60E+00 IKBKE, JUN, MAPK1, BCL3, MAP2K2 Lymphocytes Caveolar-mediated 3.57E+00 COPG, COPB2, ITGA3, ARCN1, ACTC1, COPA (includes EG: 1314), ITGA2B Endocytosis (includes EG: 3674) Agrin Interactions at 3.57E+00 ITGA3, HRAS, ACTC1, JUN, MAPK1, PAK3, PAK2 Neuromuscular Junction Prolactin Signaling 3.54E+00 HRAS, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K2, PRKCI Nitric Oxide Signaling in 3.50E+00 PRKAG2, VEGFB (includes EG: 7423), PRKACA, PRKCD, FLT4, HSP90AA1, AKT1 the Cardiovascular System Endometrial Cancer 3.47E+00 APC2, HRAS, GSK3B, MAPK1, MAP2K2, AKT1 Signaling Chemokine Signaling 3.46E+00 HRAS, JUN, MAPK1, CAMK2B, CCL13, MAP2K2, LIMK1 CXCR4 Signaling 3.44E+00 HRAS, ROCK1, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, PAK3, MAP2K2, PRKCI, PAK2, AKT1 Neuropathic Pain 3.43E+00 PRKAG2, PRKACA, CREB1, PRKCD, MAPK1, CAMK2B, PRKCI, NTRK2 Signaling In Dorsal Horn Neurons Oncostatin M Signaling 3.29E+00 OSMR, HRAS, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K2 Natural Killer Cell 3.25E+00 HRAS, PRKCD, MAPK1, PAK3, MAP2K2, PRKCI, PAK2, AKT1 Signaling Thyroid Cancer Signaling 3.24E+00 HRAS, MAPK1, MAP2K2, NTRK2, NTRK1 fMLP Signaling in 3.14E+00 HRAS, NFAT5, PRKCD, MAPK1, BCL3, FPR1, MAP2K2, PRKCI Neutrophils IL-10 Signaling 3.13E+00 IKBKE, IL1F9, JUN, BCL3, MAP2K3, MAP4K4 CREB Signaling in 3.09E+00 PRKAG2, HRAS, PRKACA, CREB1, PRKCD, MAPK1, CAMK2B, MAP2K2, Neurons PRKCI, AKT1 Melanocyte Development 3.09E+00 PRKAG2, HRAS, PRKACA, CREB1, MAPK1, RPS6KA2, MAP2K2 and Pigmentation Signaling Role of PKR in Interferon 3.08E+00 IKBKE, EIF2AK2, BCL3, MAP2K3, AKT1 Induction and Antiviral Response Role of NFAT in 3.07E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, GSK3B, NFAT5, JUN, MAPK1, BCL3, MAP2K2, Regulation of the Immune CSNK1G2, AKT1 Response GM-CSF Signaling 3.06E+00 HRAS, MAPK1, CAMK2B, JAK2, MAP2K2, AKT1 Angiopoietin Signaling 3.02E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, PAK3, BCL3, PAK2, AKT1 p53 Signaling 3.00E+00 HIPK2, GSK3B, CABC1, CDK4, JUN, MDM2, AKT1 Actin Cytoskeleton 2.98E+00 ITGA3, APC2, HRAS, ACTC1, ROCK1, MAPK1, PAK3, MAP2K2, Signaling LIMK1, PIP5K1C, PAK2 HGF Signaling 2.97E+00 HRAS, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1

 ±-Adrenergic Signaling 2.91E+00 PRKAG2, HRAS, PRKACA, PRKCD, MAPK1, MAP2K2, PRKCI HMGB1 Signaling 2.88E+00 HRAS, JUN, MAPK1, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, MAP2K5, AKT1 Dendritic Cell Maturation 2.87E+00 IKBKE, COL2A1, FSCN1, IL1F9, CREB1, MAPK1, BCL3, JAK2, AKT1 Sonic Hedgehog Signaling 2.82E+00 PRKAG2, PRKACA, GSK3B, DYRK1B HIF1 

 ± Signaling 2.80E+00 HRAS, VEGFB (includes EG: 7423), JUN, MAPK1, HSP90AA1, MDM2, AKT1 Chronic Myeloid 2.80E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, CDK4, MAPK1, MDM2, MAP2K2, AKT1 Leukemia Signaling Toll-like Receptor 2.77E+00 IRAK3, EIF2AK2, JUN, MAP2K3, MAP4K4 Signaling PDGF Signaling 2.75E+00 HRAS, EIF2AK2, JUN, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K2 Fc Epsilon RI Signaling 2.75E+00 HRAS, PRKCD, MAPK1, MAP2K3, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 T Cell Receptor Signaling 2.70E+00 IKBKE, HRAS, NFAT5, JUN, MAPK1, TXK, MAP2K2 IL-2 Signaling 2.58E+00 HRAS, JUN, MAPK1, MAP2K2, AKT1 Semaphorin Signaling in 2.54E+00 ROCK1, MAPK1, PAK3, LIMK1, PAK2 Neurons Regulation of Actin-based 2.51E+00 ACTC1, ROCK1, PAK3, LIMK1, PIP5K1C, PAK2 Motility by Rho TGF- 

 ≦ Signaling 2.49E+00 HRAS, JUN, ACVR2A, MAPK1, MAP2K2, BMPR1B IL-12 Signaling and 2.48E+00 IKBKE, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 Production in Macrophages Role of NANOG in 2.48E+00 HRAS, GSK3B, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K2, AKT1, BMPR1B Mammalian Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency Huntington's Disease 2.41E+00 HRAS, JUN, CREB1, PRKCD, CAPN6, FRAP1, PRKCI, NTRK1, Signaling SGK1, AKT1 Tight Junction Signaling 2.38E+00 PRKAG2, ACTC1, PRKACA, CDK4, JUN, MARK2, PRKCI, AKT1 Death Receptor Signaling 2.37E+00 IKBKE, BCL3, TBK1, MAP4K4, CFLAR Human Embryonic Stem 2.37E+00 FGFR2, GSK3B, FGFR1, NTRK2, FGFR4, NTRK1, AKT1 Cell Pluripotency Androgen Signaling 2.35E+00 PRKAG2, PRKACA, JUN, PRKCD, MAPK1, HSP90AA1, PRKCI Bladder Cancer Signaling 2.33E+00 HRAS, VEGFB (includes EG: 7423), CDK4, MAPK1, MDM2, MAP2K2 IL-15 Signaling 2.31E+00 HRAS, MAPK1, JAK2, MAP2K2, AKT1 SAPK/JNK Signaling 2.26E+00 HRAS, MINK1, MAP3K12, JUN, MAP3K11, MAP4K4 B Cell Activating Factor 2.24E+00 IKBKE, NFAT5, JUN, BCL3 Signaling IL-4 Signaling 2.22E+00 HRAS, NFAT5, JAK2, FRAP1, AKT1 Thrombin Signaling 2.21E+00 HRAS, ROCK1, CREB1, PRKCD, MAPK1, CAMK2B, MAP2K2, PRKCI, AKT1 Non-Small Cell Lung 2.19E+00 HRAS, CDK4, MAPK1, MAP2K2, AKT1 Cancer Signaling Growth Hormone 2.17E+00 PRKCD, MAPK1, JAK2, RPS6KA2, PRKCI Signaling Relaxin Signaling 2.13E+00 PRKAG2, PRKACA, JUN, CREB1, MAPK1, BCL3, AKT1

GeneGO Canonical Pathways pValue Cytoskeleton remodeling_TGF, WNT and cytoskeletal remodeling 2.50E−08 Immune response_Oncostatin M signaling via MAPK in mouse cells 6.67E−06 Development_Mu-type opioid receptor signaling via Beta-arrestin 2.98E−06 Immune response_Oncostatin M signaling via MAPK in human cells 5.00E−07 Development_Delta-type opioid receptor mediated cardioprotection 5.00E−07 Development_Beta-adrenergic receptors signaling via beta-arrestin 1.66E−05 Development_FGFR signaling pathway 2.74E−05 Development_Regulation of CDK5 in CNS 4.30E−06 Transcription_CREB pathway 5.87E−05 Development_Growth hormone signaling via PI3K/AKT and MAPK cascades 5.87E−05 Development_A2A receptor signaling 1.36E−05 Development_Flt3 signaling 7.82E−05 Development_Thrombopoietin-regulated cell processes 5.38E−05 Signal transduction_PTEN pathway 4.20E−05 Cytoskeleton remodeling_Cytoskeleton remodeling 9.74E−05 Cytoskeleton remodeling_Integrin outside-in signaling 9.98E−05 Development_A2B receptor: action via G-protein alpha s 5.70E−05 Development_IGF-1 receptor signaling 2.37E−04 Development_Beta-adrenergic receptors transactivation of EGFR 5.76E−04 Development_A1 receptor signaling 6.76E−04 Translation _Regulation activity of EIF2 2.92E−04 Development_Neurotrophin family signaling 7.41E−04 Development_VEGF-family signaling 2.62E−04 Cell adhesion_Chemokines and adhesion 9.78E−04 Neurophysiological process_NMDA-dependent postsynaptic 6.30E−04 long-term potentiation in CA1 hippocampal neurons Development_GDNF family signaling 2.67E−04 Development_Leptin signaling via PI3K-dependent pathway 4.26E−04 Regulation of lipid metabolism_Insulin signaling: generic cascades 4.26E−04 Development_EDG1 signaling via beta-arrestin 1.60E−03 Signal transduction_Erk Interactions: Inhibition of Erk 3.90E−03 Apoptosis and survival_Role of CDK5 in neuronal death and survival 3.90E−03 Development_CNTF receptor signaling 3.90E−03 Mucin expression in CF via TLRs, EGFR signaling pathways 4.71E−03 Translation _Regulation activity of EIF4F 9.07E−03 G-protein signaling_G-Protein alpha-s signaling cascades 9.61E−03 Cytoskeleton remodeling_CDC42 in cellular processes 5.20E−04 G-protein signaling_G-Protein alpha-12 signaling pathway 3.10E−03 Immune response_Fc epsilon R1 pathway 4.44E−03 Development_Delta- and kappa-type opioid receptors signaling via beta-arrestin 5.88E−03 G-protein signaling_Ras family GTPases in kinase cascades (scheme) 2.28E−03 Development_GDNF signaling 2.28E−03 Immune response_CCR5 signaling in macrophages and T lymphocytes 4.81E−03 Development_Prolactin receptor signaling 4.81E−03 Translation_Non-genomic (rapid) action of Androgen Receptor 6.67E−03 Apoptosis and survival_Apoptotic Activin A signaling 9.83E−03 Development_Angiotensin signaling via beta-Arrestin 9.83E−03 Apoptosis and survival_BAD phosphorylation 2.40E−03 Cell cycle_Regulation of G1/S transition (part 2) 8.69E−03 Development_EDG5 and EDG3 in cell proliferation and differentiation 8.69E−03 Translation_Insulin regulation of translation 8.82E−03 Neurophysiological process_HTR1A receptor signaling in neuronal cells 8.82E−03 Development_Membrane-bound ESR1: interaction with growth factors signaling 8.82E−03 Immune response_HTR2A-induced activation of cPLA2 6.00E−03 Development_VEGF signaling and activation 6.00E−03 Development_EGFR signaling pathway 9.93E−03 Immune response_IL-4 signaling pathway 4.00E−03 Development_Ligand-independent activation of ESR1 and ESR2 4.00E−03 Immune response_IL-15 signaling 6.41E−03 Development EPO-induced MAPK pathway 2.89E−03 Development_VEGF signaling via VEGFR2 - generic cascades 2.89E−03 Development_Activation of ERK by Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors 2.89E−03 Development_Endothelin-1/EDNRA transactivation of EGFR 2.73E−03 Immune response_IL-6 signaling pathway 4.57E−03 Development_PIP3 signaling in cardiac myocytes 3.61E−03 Developmeht_Beta-adrenergic receptors regulation of ERK 3.61E−03 Development_HGF signaling pathway 3.61E−03 Immune response_IL-4 - antiapoptotic action 2.00E−04 Cell adhesion_Integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration 5.60E−03 Immune response_IL-3 activation and signaling pathway 1.79E−02 Immune response_ETV3 affect on CSF1-promoted macrophage differentiation 1.79E−02 Development_A3 receptor signaling 1.88E−02 DNA damage_Role of SUMO in p53 regulation 2.65E−02 Apoptosis and survival_HTR1A signaling 3.32E−02 Development_EDNRB signaling 3.32E−02 G-protein signaling_G-Protein beta/gamma signaling cascades 3.80E−02 G-protein signaling_Proinsulin C-peptide signaling 6.62E−02 Development_Endothelin-1/EDNRA signaling 8.50E−02 Oxidative stress_Role of ASK1 under oxidative stress 8.59E−02 Mucin expression in CF via IL-6, IL-17 signaling pathways 8.59E−02 Translation_Translation regulation by Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors 5.50E−03 Development_FGF-family signaling 1.41E−02 Regulation of lipid metabolism_Insulin regulation of glycogen metabolism 2.76E−02 Immune response_IL-9 signaling pathway 4.54E−02 Transcription_Role of AP-1 in regulation of cellular metabolism 1.85E−02 Signal transduction_cAMP signaling 1.85E−02 Immune response _Human NKG2D signaling 1.85E−02 Transcription_Receptor-mediated HIF regulation 6.07E−02 Cytoskeleton remodeling_Regulation of actin cytoskeleton by Rho GTPases 3.70E−02 Development_Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor activation of ERK 4.05E−02 Transport_Macropinocytosis regulation by growth factors 8.06E−02 Immune response _Murine NKG2D signaling 1.29E−02 Development_Dopamine D2 receptor transactivation of EGFR 1.79E−02 Development_ACM2 and ACM4 activation of ERK 7.30E−02 Signal transduction_AKT signaling 7.30E−02 Development_Angiotensin signaling via PYK2 7.30E−02 Signal transduction_JNK pathway 7.30E−02 Transcriplion_Androgen Receptor nuclear signaling 9.00E−03

TABLE 7 Host proteins confirmed to be required for wild-type influenza virus growth and gene expression. siRNAs targeting 294 host cellular factors (column 1-4) were tested for their ability to inhibit wild-type influenza virus growth in A549 cells (MOI = 0.01) as measured by hemagglutination assay at 36 h postinfection. Reduction in HA titer (expressed as log₂) for duplicate samples is shown in columns 5 and 6 and the average in column 7. The number of siRNAs that meet the criteria for each gene are listed in column 8. A call for a confirmed gene (see Methods section) is indicated in column 9. The ability of the siRNAs to inhibit viral gene expression was examined using qRT-PCR on NP (column 10) and M1 (column 11) mRNA at 6 h post- infection. Controls were set to the value of 1. An average value of column 10 and 11 is shown in column 12. A call for a confirmed gene (average value <0.65) is indicated in column 13. geneID Symbol Description Target Sequence 290 ANPEP alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase CACCACCTTGGACCAAAGTAA 290 ANPEP alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase CCGAAATGCCACACTGGTCAA 361 AQP4 aquaporin 4 GACCAAUCUGGAGAGGUAU 361 AQP4 aquaporin 4 CAGCCTGGGATCCACCATCAA 372 ARCN1 archain 1 AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA 372 ARCN1 archain 1 CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA 523 ATP6V1A ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal ATGGAGGTTGATGGTAAGGTA 70 kDa, V1 subunit A 523 ATP6V1A ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA 70 kDa, V1 subunit A 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal ACCATGTTACCCTGTAATTAA 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CACGGTTAATGAAGTCTGCTA 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, H+ transporting lysosomal CAGGCTGGTTTGGTAAAGAAA 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA 16 kDa, V0 subunit c 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA 16 kDa, V0 subunit c 533 ATP6V0B ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CATGGCAATTGTCATTAGCAA 21 kDa, V0 subunit b 533 ATP6V0B ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal TCCTAGTGTTTGTGAAATAAA 21 kDa, V0 subunit b 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CACAGTGACATTCAAGTTCAT accessory protein 1 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal TAGCAAATGCTCCCTCCTTAA accessory protein 1 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CAGGGAAGTCCTCACAGGCAA accessory protein 1 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA kinase II beta 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA kinase II beta 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein CCCGGAAGCAGGAGATCATTA kinase II beta 975 CD81 CD81 molecule CACCTTCTATGTAGGCATCTA 975 CD81 CD81 molecule AAGGAACATCAGGCATGCTAA 1314 COPA coatomer protein complex, subunit CTGGATTTCAACAGCTCCAAA alpha 1314 COPA coatomer protein complex, subunit CTGGCGCATGAATGAATCAAA alpha 1394 CRHR1 corticotropin releasing hormone CAGGTTGGTGACAGCCGCCTA receptor 1 1394 CRHR1 corticotropin releasing hormone CCGCTACAATACCACAAACAA receptor 1 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA (yeast) 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like CAAATGAACTTGTAAACCTAA (yeast) 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA (yeast) 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like CACGGTTTGGATAATCTTAAA (yeast) 1521 CTSW cathepsin W UACCUGUGGCAUCACCAAG 1521 CTSW cathepsin W CGCGTTCATAACTGTCCTCAA 1521 CTSW cathepsin W CACCGTGACCATCAACATGAA 1832 DSP desmoplakin CCGACATGAATCAGTAAGTAA 1832 DSP desmoplakin CAGAAGAATGACTATGACCAA 1845 DUSP3 dual specificity phosphatase 3 CCCGCGGATCTACGTGGGCAA 1845 DUSP3 dual spedficity phosphatase 3 CCGTATTTACTTAACAAGATT 2022 ENG endoglin AAGGGAGAACTTGAAACAGAT 2022 ENG endoglin CAGCAATGAGGCGGTGGTCAA 2022 ENG endoglin ACCAATAAATCAGACCATGAA 2045 EPHA7 EPH receptor A7 CCCAATGGAGTCATCACAGAA 2045 EPHA7 EPH receptor A7 CAGGCTGCGAAGGAAGTACTA 2048 EPHB2 EPH receptor B2 /5Phos/rGrGrCrUrArCrGrGrAr CrCrArArGrUrUrUrArUrCrCrGr GCG 2048 EPHB2 EPH receptor B2 GGAGACCUUCAACCUCUAU 2050 EPHB4 EPH receptor B4 CACGAGCTCCCTGGGAGGAAA 2050 EPHB4 EPH receptor B4 CTGGCGGGACACCAGAAGAAA 2162 F13A1 coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide CAAGGAGAGATGGGACACTAA 2162 F13A1 coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide GCUGGAGCUAUGGUCAGUU 2263 FGFR2 fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 CCCATCTGACAAGGGAAATTA 2263 FGFR2 fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 CGGAGGAGCGTTGCCATTCAA 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA 2357 FPR1 formyl peptide receptor 1 GUGACACAGCUACCAAUUC 2357 FPR1 formyl peptide receptor 1 AACCAGTGACACAGCTACCAA 2475 FRAP1 FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin /5Phos/rGrGrCrArArCrArArGrC associated protein 1 rGrArUrCrCrCrGrArArCrGrArG GA 2475 FRAP1 FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin GAGGCAUCUCGUUUGUACU associated protein 1 2475 FRAP1 FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin CAGGCCTATGGTCGAGATTTA associated protein 1 2475 FRAP1 FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin ACTCGCTGATCCAAATGACAA associated protein 1 2539 G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ATCGGGTGACCTGGCCAAGAA 2539 G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase CTGCGTTATCCTCACCTTCAA 2550 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA receptor, 1 2550 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA receptor, 1 2580 GAK cyclin G associated kinase AAGGCCTAACTATGCCTCGAA 2580 GAK cyclin G associated kinase AGGGUGACCUGGACAUAUC 2932 GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA 2932 GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA 3320 HSP90AA1 heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha CAGAATGAAGGAGAACCAGAA (cytosolic), class A member 1 3320 HSP90AA1 heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha CTGCTTAAAGTTGTAACAAAT (cytosolic), class A member 1 3675 ITGA3 integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha CCCUCUCAACCUCACUCUU 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) 3675 ITGA3 integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha CTGGATTGACTTTGCTGTCAA 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) 3675 ITGA3 integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha CCTCTCAACCTCACTCTTT 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) 3675 ITGA3 integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha CACCATCAACATGGAGAACAA 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) 3717 JAK2 Janus kinase 2 (a protein tyrosine ATGATTGGCAATGACAAACAA kinase) 3717 JAK2 Janus kinase 2 (a protein tyrosine AGCCATCATACGAGATCTTAA kinase) 3837 KPNB1 karyopherin (importin) beta 1 CAAGAACTCTTTGACATCTAA 3837 KPNB1 karyopherin (importin) beta 1 TCGGTTATATTTGCCAAGATA 4193 MDM2 Mdm2, transformed 3T3 cell double CAGGCAAATGTGCAATACCAA minute 2, p53 binding protein (mouse) 4193 MDM2 Mdm2, transformed 3T3 cell double CCGGATCTTGATGCTGGTGTA minute 2, p53 binding protein (mouse) 4296 MAP3K11 mitogen-activated protein kinase CACATGGTACCTGGATTCAGA kinase kinase 11 4296 MAP3K11 mitogen-activated protein kinase CCGGCCTTGACCGGAGGAGAA kinase kinase 11 4923 NTSR1 neurotensin receptor 1 (high affinity) CTGGCTTAAGAAGGTCGCCTA 4923 NTSR1 neurotensin receptor 1 (high affinity) AAGGGCCTCTAACAAGGAGAA 5063 PAK3 p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated CAAGAAGGAATTAATTATTAA kinase 3 5063 PAK3 p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated CAGCAACCCAAGAAGGAAU kinase 3 5566 PRKACA protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, CAGAAGGTGGTGAAACTGAAA catalytic, alpha 5566 PRKACA protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, ACAGAAGGTGGTGAAACTGAA catalytic, alpha 5584 PRKCI protein kinaseC, iota GGAGAUACAACCAGCACUU 5584 PRKCI protein kinase C, iota ACGCCGCTGGAGAAAGCTTTA 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein kinase CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA kinase 3 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein kinase ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA kinase 3 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein kinase CCGGGCCACCGTGAACTCACA kinase 3 5757 PTMA prothymosin, alpha TTGTCCAACAATAAACAGGAA 5757 PTMA prothymosin, alpha TTGGTTTGTATGAGATGGTTA 5961 PRPH2 retinal degeneration, slow CACGGATTTAGTCCCACCCTA 5961 PRPH2 retinal degeneration, slow GAGGAGCGATGTGATGAATAA 5961 PRPH2 retinal degeneration, slow CAAGAACGGCATGAAGTACTA 6204 RPS10 ribosomal protein S10 TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA 6204 RPS10 ribosomal protein S10 AACCGGATTGCCATTTATGAA 6204 RPS10 ribosomal protein S10 TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA 6204 RPS10 ribosomal protein S10 GACATTTCTACTGGTACCTTA 6224 RPS20 ribosomal protein S20 TTCGCTCTCGCCGAGGAACAA 6224 RPS20 ribosomal protein S20 CCCTAACAAGCCGCAACGTAA 6224 RPS20 ribosomal protein S20 CGCGGTCGTAAGGGCTGAGGA 6357 CCL13 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 CCGGAAAGCTCACACCCTGAA 6357 CCL13 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 ACTCTTAACCTTCAACATGAA 6357 CCL13 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 AGGCAAAGAAACATTGTGAAA 6357 CCL13 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 TGGGTCCAGAATTATATGAAA 6446 SGK1 serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase TACAGGCTTATTTGTAATGTA 6446 SGK1 serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase AGGCAGAAGAAGUGUUCUA 6613 SUMO2 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA 2 (S. cerevisiae) 6613 SUMO2 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog CTGTCTTTAAGTAGGGATAAA 2 (S. cerevisiae) 6627 SNRPA1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein CAGCATTGTTGAAATGCTTAA polypeptide A′ 6627 SNRPA1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein TCCACTCACTATGCTACCAAA polypeptide A′ 6627 SNRPA1 small nuclear ribonudeoprotein TCCACTCACTATGCTACCAAA polypeptide A′ 7786 MAP3K12 mitogen-activated protein kinase CAGGGAGCACTATGAAAGGAA kinase kinase 12 7786 MAP3K12 mitogen-activated protein kinase CCACGAAAUCGCCCAUCAU kinase kinase 12 8021 NUP214 nucleoporin 214 kDa CCCGGAGATGATCCCAACAAA 8021 NUP214 nucleoporin 214 kDa CACCATAGAATCTCACACCAA 8677 STX10 syntaxin 10 CAGAGAGATACTCGCAGGCAA 8677 STX10 syntaxin 10 CAGCAGCTGATCATGGATGAA 9114 ATP6V0D1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CACTTTCATGTTCCTCCCTAA 38 kDa, V0 subunit d1 9114 ATP6V0D1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CCGCGCCTTCATCATCACCAT 38 kDa, V0 subunit d1 9114 ATP6V0D1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal AAGGCTCTCAATTGCACTCTT 38 kDa, V0 subunit d1 9114 ATP6V0D1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CAACTACATCCCTATCTTCTA 38 kDa, V0 subunit d1 9135 RABEP1 rabaptin, RAB GTPase binding effector CAGGATAAAGCCGAACTGGTA protein 1 9135 RABEP1 rabaptin, RAB GTPase binding effector CTGGAAGACTTCATAAAGCAA protein 1 9180 OSMR oncostatin M receptor TAGCATAGATTGTCAAATGTA 9180 OSMR oncostatin M receptor TAGCTCTAATCTAATATATAA 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, member RAS oncogene family CACGGACGGACAGAAGCCCAA 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, member RAS oncogene family CCGCATCACCTCCGCGTACTA 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, member RAS oncogene family CGAGTTCAACCTGGAGAGCAA 9231 DLG5 discs, large homolog 5 (Drosophila) ACGGAACTTGATACAGCACAA 9231 DLGS discs, large homolog 5 (Drosophila) TTCGAGTAACTTGCAGTTCAA 9256 BZRAP1 benzodiazapine receptor (peripheral) CCGCCGTCTGGTGGTCCTCAA associated protein 1 9256 BZRAP1 benzodiazapine receptor (peripheral) CACAGTGAGTATGTAACTTGA associated protein 1 9276 COPB2 coatomer protein complex, subunit ACGATTCTTCAGAGTATGCAA beta 2 (beta prime) 9276 COPB2 coatomer protein complex, subunit CAGGTTTCAAGGGTAGTGAAA beta 2 (beta prime) 9276 COPB2 coatomer protein complex, subunit CAGTACGTATTTGGCATTCAA beta 2 (beta prime) 9276 COPB2 coatomer protein complex, subunitA CCCAGTCAGGTTTCAAGGGTA beta 2 (beta prime) 9972 NUP153 nucleoporin 153 kDa ATGGAACGCGTTGAAATTGTA 9972 NUP153 nucleoporin 153 kDa CACCATTATGTGCGCTGATAA 10055 SAE1 SUMO1 activating enzyme subunit 1 CTGGAGCAGTGAGAAAGCAAA 10055 SAE1 SUMO1 activating enzyme subunit 1 TCCGACTACTTTCTCCTTCAA 10181 RBM5 RNA binding motif protein 5 AGGCAGCGCAUAUGGUUUG 10181 RBM5 RNA binding motif protein 5 CGCGTCTTTAGCTGTCAATAA 10291 SF3A1 splicing factor 3a, subunit 1, 120 kDa CAGGATAAGACGGAATGGAAA 10291 SF3A1 splicing factor 3a, subunit 1, 120 kDa CGCAAGGATTATGATCCCAAA 10381 TUBB3 tubulin, beta 3 GCGGATCAGCGTCTACTACAA 10381 TUBB3 tubulin, beta 3 CACGGTGGTGGAGCCCTACAA 10381 TUBB3 tubulin, beta 3 TTGCTGTCAGATACCCTTAAA 10783 NEK6 NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related kinase 6 CTGGCGGACTTCCAGATCGAA 10783 NEK6 NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related kinase 6 ACCACGGAAGTCGAGAATTAA 11214 AKAP13 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 13 CAGGATTACACTGAAAGTAAT 11214 AKAP13 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 13 CCGCCTGTTTGGGTTAACAAA 22820 COPG coatomer protein complex, subunit CCGAGCCACCTTCTACCTAAA gamma 22820 COPG coatomer protein complex, subunit AGGCCCGTGTATTTAATGAAA gamma 22820 COPG coatomer protein complex, subunit CAGGAAAGGGACATTGTAAAT gamma 23604 DAPK2 death-associated protein kinase 2 CTGGTTAAAGAGACCCGGAAA 23604 DAPK2 death-associated protein kinase 2 UCACCUACAUCCUCUUAAG 23604 DAPK2 death-associated protein kinase 2 /5Phos/rUrCrCrCrGrCrCrGrArU rUrGrUrArUrGrUrUrCrCrArGrG UC 23604 DAPK2 death-associated protein kinase 2 CGGAATTTGTTGCTCCAGAAA 29127 RACGAP1 Rac GTPase activating protein 1 CTGGTAGATAGAAGAGCTAAA 29127 RACGAP1 Rac GTPase activating protein 1 29127 RACGAP1 Rac GTPase activating protein 1 CACCACAGACACCAGATATTA 29882 ANAPC2 anaphase promoting complex subunit 2 GAGAGTCTATATGCAGAGTAA 29882 ANAPC2 anaphase promoting complex subunit 2 AAGGTTCTTCTACCGCATCTA 29959 NRBP1 nuclear receptor binding protein 1 GAGGGAGUUCAUUCAAAAG 29959 NRBP1 nuclear receptor binding protein 1 AGGCGAGAAGAGGTGAATCAA 51393 TRPV2 transient receptor potential cation CCAGTGAATTCTGGTGGCAAA channel, subfamily V, member 2 51393 TRPV2 transient receptor potential cation CAGAGGATCTTTCCAACCACA channel, subfamily V, member 2 54866 PPP1R14D protein phosphatase 1, regulatory CAGGAGCTCTTCCAGGATCAA (inhibitor) subunit 14D 54866 PPP1R14D protein phosphatase 1, regulatory GAGCCTGAGATTGACCTGGAA (inhibitor) subunit 14D 57579 FAM135A family with sequence similarity 135, CAGCAATTACATTAAATTCAA member A 57579 FAM135A family with sequence similarity 135, CACGAAGAACTAAGAATATTA member A 79574 EPS8L3 EPS8-like 3 CCGGAAGGAGTACTCCCAGAA 79574 EPS8L3 EPS8-like 3 AGCCATTTACTTGCACCGGAA 80231 CXorf21 chromosome X open reading frame 21 AAGGTTGTGGAGTTATATAAA 80231 CXorf21 chromosome X open reading frame 21 CTGGAAGTCATGTGTGAATCA 93953 ACRC acidic repeat containing CCCGATGACAATAGTGATGAT 93953 ACRC acidic repeat containing TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA 93953 ACRC acidic repeat containing TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA 93953 ACRC acidic repeat containing TCCGGAGTGTTGTCATGTGAA 113878 DTX2 deltex homolog 2 (Drosophila) CAAGACAGAGATGGACCGCAA 113878 DTX2 deltex homolog 2 (Drosophila) GCUUCAUCGAGCAGCAGUU 113878 DTX2 deltex homolog 2 (Drosophila) GGGAAAGAUGGAGGUAUUA 113878 DTX2 deltex homolog 2 (Drosophila) CGGGACCATCCTCATAGTTTA 113878 DTX2 deltex homolog 2 (Drosophila) ATGCTCTATAGCCAAAGCCAA 122525 C14orf28 chromosome 14 open reading frame 28 AACAAAGAGGAACATCATTAT 122525 C14orf28 chromosome 14 open reading frame 28 AAGTCCATAAAGCTTCATTAA 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 GGAGAAAGAGACAGGUGUA 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 TACGGCTAACAGAGACCTGAA 203068 TUBB tubulin, beta TGGGTAGAAGTCACTATATAA 203068 TUBB tubulin, beta GGUCCUUUUGGCCAGAUCU 254065 BRWD3 bromodomain and WD repeat domain AAGACAGTCTTTAAAGTGTAA containing 3 254065 BRWD3 bromodomain and WD repeat domain CACAGTTATTACTGCAGTGAA containing 3 387082 SUMO4 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog TACTGCATTCTCAATTAGAAA 4 (S. cerevisiae) 387082 SUMO4 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog TTGATGTGTTTCAACAGCCTA 4 (S. cerevisiae) 387082 SUMO4 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog TCCGATTTGGTGGGCAACCAA 4 (S. cerevisiae) 387911 RP11- collagen triple helix repeat-containing AAAGGAGATCGAGGAGAGAAA 45820.2 387911 RP11- collagen triple helix repeat-containing CAGCATTGTCCTGCAGCTGAA 45820.2 643641 ZNF862 KIAA0543, KIAA0543 protein AAGGTTATACAGGACCATTCA 643641 ZNF862 KIAA0543, KIAA0543 protein CCCGATCTTCCTTCCACCTAA 5610 EIF2AK2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor CTCCACATGATAGGAGGTTTA 2-alpha kinase 2 5610 EIF2AK2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor CGGAAAGACTTACGTTATTAA 2-alpha kinase 2 6093 ROCK1 “Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing CAAGCTCGAATTACATCTTTA protein kinase 1” 6093 ROCK1 “Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing /5Phos/rGrGrUrUrArGrArArCr protein kinase 1” ArArGrArGrGrUrArArArUrGrAr AGG 6093 ROCK1 “Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing AACGGTTAGAACAAGAGGTAA protein kinase 1” 58526 MID1IP1 MID1 interacting protein 1 CTCGCTCTTTAACGCCATGAA (gastrulation specific G12 homolog (zebrafish)) 58526 MID1IP1 MID1 interacting protein 1 CAGCCACTACGTGCTTCTCAA (gastrulation specific G12 homolog (zebrafish)) 157 ADRBK2 adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2 CAAGTGTATGGGATTAACTAA 157 ADRBK2 adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2 GGAGACUGUCCUUUCAUUG 207 AKT1 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene UCACACCACCUGACCAAGA homolog 1 207 AKT1 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene /5Phos/rCrGrUrGrArCrCrArUr homolog 1 GrArArCrGrArGrUrUrUrGrArGr UAC 351 APP amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein CCAGGAGAGGAUGGAUGUU (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) 351 APP amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein CTGGTCTTCAATTACCAAGAA (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) 369 ARAF v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral CGGUGAAGAUCGGUGACUU oncogene homolog 369 ARAF v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral CCACAGUGUCCAGGAUUUG oncogene homolog 602 BCL3 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3 CGUGAACGCGCAAAUGUAC 602 BCL3 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3 UGGCUCCUCCCAAUUUCUU 827 CAPN6 calpain 6 AAGGGTGGTCCAACTGCCAAA 827 CAPN6 calpain 6 CAAGGTCATTATGTCACTGCA 827 CAPN6 calpain 6 GGACCACUGACAUUCCUAU 1195 CLK1 CDC-like kinase 1 CACGATAGTAAGGAGCATTTA 1195 CLK1 CDC-like kinase 1 /5Phos/rArGrUrArCrUrUrCrArC rArUrCrGrUrCrGrUrUrCrArCrA TG 1263 PLK3 polo-like kinase 3 (Drosophila) /5Phos/rGrGrCrGrGrArUrGrUr ArUrGrGrUrCrArCrUrGrGrGrCr UGG 1263 PLK3 polo-like kinase 3 (Drosophila) CTGCATCAAGCAGGTTCACTA 1511 CTSG cathepsin G CACAGTGTTGCCAGAGCCTTA 1511 CTSG cathepsin G CAGCCTTTCAGGAAAGATGCA 1511 CTSG cathepsin G UCCGCCACCCUCAAUAUAA 1613 DAPK3 death-associated protein kinase 3 CCGGCAGAAGGGCACGGGCAA 1613 DAPK3 death-associated protein kinase 3 CACCAACATCTCAGCCGTGAA 1717 DHCR7 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase CGGGAAGTGGTTTGACTTCAA 1717 DHCR7 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase CUGCAAAUUCACAGGCAAU 1787 TRDMT1 tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 CACATTCGGTTGAGCAACATT 1787 TRDMT1 tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 GGACGAAUAGCUUCUUACA 2011 MARK2 MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating /5Phos/rCrCrGrCrUrUrCrArCrG kinase 2 rUrGrGrArGrUrArUrGrArArGrA CC 2011 MARK2 MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating /5Phos/rUrCrCrGrCrUrUrCrArC kinase 2 rGrUrGrGrArGrUrArUrGrArArG AC 2322 FLT3 frns-related tyrosine kinase 3 TACGTTGATTTCAGAGAATAT 2322 FLT3 frns-related tyrosine kinase 3 CAGGTTTAAAGCCTACCCACA 2342 FNTB farnesyltransferase, CAAX box, beta GGUGAUCCAGGCCACUACA 2342 FNTB farnesyltransferase, CAAX box, beta CACGTCCATAGAACAGGCAAA 2346 FOLH1 folate hydrolase (prostate-specific AAGCATAATATGAAAGCATTT membrane antigen) 1 2346 FOLH1 folate hydrolase (prostate-specific CACCAGGUUACCCAGCAAA membrane antigen) 1 2444 FRK fyn-related kinase CTGGGAGTACCTAGAACCCTA 2444 FRK fyn-related kinase GGUCCCAGCUCCAUUUGAU 2703 GJA8 gap junction protein, alpha 8, 50 kDa CTCTGTGTCCCTATTCCTCAA 2703 GJA8 gap junction protein, alpha 8, 50 kDa CAGCGGCAGCAAAGGCACTAA 2703 GJA8 gap junction protein, alpha 8, 50 kDa UCAUCUUCAAGACCCUCUU 2869 GRK5 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 CCGAAGGACCATAGACAGAGA 2869 GRK5 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 GCGGCAGCAUCAGAACAAU 2870 GRK6 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 CCGGAGGTGGTGAAGAATGAA 2870 GRK6 6 protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 GGGUCCCUGCAAAGACCUU 2936 GSR glutathione reductase ACCGAUGACAAGGGUCAUA 2936 GSR glutathione reductase CGGAAGAUGAAGCCAUUCA 3265 HRAS v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral ACGGGUGAAGGACUCGGAU oncogene homolog 3265 HRAS v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral AGGAGCGATGACGGAATATAA oncogene homolog 3265 HRAS v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral CCTGTGTGTGTTTGCCATCAA oncogene homolog 3265 HRAS v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral CAGACTGTCTTGAACATCCCA oncogene homolog 3547 IGSF1 immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 AAGCAAGTTCCTGCTGCTGAA 3547 IGSF1 immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 TCGATAGTGATGGACCCTCAA 3547 IGSF1 immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 ATCGATAGTGATGGACCCTCA 3547 IGSF1 immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 CTGGAGGAGCTCACTGGAGAA 3568 IL5RA interleukin 5 receptor, alpha CCACUAACUAUGAGAAAGC 3568 IL5RA interleukin 5 receptor, alpha CACCATTAAAGTTACTGGTTT 3568 IL5RA interleukin 5 receptor, alpha GCUGGGCUUCUGCUGAACU 3568 IL5RA interleukin 5 receptor, alpha CACCAGTCTTGTATCTCTTAA 3581 IL9R interleukin 9 receptor CAGCTATGAGCTGGCCTTCAA 3581 IL9R interleukin 9 receptor GGGUGAAGAGAAUCUUCUA 3581 IL9R interleukin 9 receptor CAGUGUACACAAUGGGAAC 3581 IL9R interleukin 9 receptor CAGAGATAGTTGGGTGACAAA 3674 ITGA2B integrin, alpha 2b (platelet glycoprotein UGGCAGCCAGUUUGGAUUU IIb of IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41) 3674 ITGA2B integrin, alpha 2b (platelet glycoprotein CAGCCAGAATCCAAACAGCAA IIb of IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41) 3674 ITGA2B integrin, alpha 2b (platelet glycoprotein CCCAAACTTTACAAACCTTCA IIb of IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41) 3725 JUN jun oncogene CGCGCGCGAGTCGACAAGTAA 3725 JUN jun oncogene TTCGTTAACATTGACCAAGAA 3760 KCNJ3 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, CTGTGTGAAGTTACACAATTA subfamily J, member 3 3760 KCNJ3 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, GGGAACCUUCCAGCCAAAU subfamily J, member 3 3760 KCNJ3 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, ATGGACTAGATGATATTACTA subfamily J, member 3 3760 KCNJ3 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, ACCAGCCATAACTAACAGCAA subfamily J, member 3 3767 KCNJ11 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, CAGCGCTTTGTGCCCATTGTA subfamily J, member 11 3767 KCNJ11 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, GUUCAGCAUCUCUCCAGAU subfamily J, member 11 3778 KCNMA1 potassium large conductance calcium- UGGGAGACGCUUCAUAACU activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 3778 KCNMA1 potassium large conductance calcium- ACCGAGAGAGCCGTATATTAA activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 3984 LIMK1 LIM domain kinase 1 /5Phos/rArGrCrUrCrUrCrCrGrG rCrUrUrArUrArCrUrCrCrCrArG CG 3984 LIMK1 LIM domain kinase 1 AUCACCAAGGGACUGGUUA 4809 NHP2L1 NHP2 non-histone chromosome CTGAGGTTGTGTATCATATTA protein 2-like 1 (S. cerevisiae) 4809 NHP2L1 NHP2 non-histone chromosome CAGCTACTCTCTATTGTTATA protein 2-like 1 (S. cerevisiae) 4886 NPY1R neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 GACUUGCUUGUUGCCAUCA 4886 NPY1R neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 GACUUGCUUGUUGCCAUCA 4886 NPY1R neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 CAAGATATATATACGCCTAAA 4920 ROR2 receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan UUGCCUGUGCACGCUUCAU receptor 2 4920 ROR2 receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan CCGGTTTGGGAAAGTCTACAA receptor 2 5096 PCCB propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase, CATGCAAATATTCCATTGTAA beta polypeptide 5096 PCCB propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase, CAGGCCACCTCTGTTAACGAA beta polypeptide 5096 PCCB propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase, CTCAGGATGCTTGGATATTAA beta polypeptide 5165 PDK3 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, CAGGUCUUGGAUAACUUUC isozyme 3 5165 PDK3 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, CTCGTTACTTTGGGTAAAGAA isozyme 3 5253 PHF2 PHD finger protein 2 CTGGATTTGTTTCTCAGGCAA 5253 PHF2 PHD finger protein 2 TCGCCTCTAGCTGGAAACAAA 5310 PKD1 polycystic kidney disease 1 (autosomal CCCGTCCATTGTGGGTAGCAA dominant) 5310 PKD1 polycystic kidney disease 1 (autosomal GACGUGUGGAUCGGCUUCU dominant) 5605 MAP2K2 mitogen-activated protein kinase GUGGAUUUUGCCGGCUGGU kinase 2 5605 MAP2K2 mitogen-activated protein kinase CCGGCCTGCCATGGCCATCTT kinase 2 5607 MAP2K5 mitogen-activated protein kinase AAGACGTATGTTGGAACAAAT kinase 5 5607 MAP2K5 mitogen-activated protein kinase CAAGACGTATGTTGGAACAAA kinase 5 5797 PTPRM EMPTY CUCGUUGCCACAGUUAUAA 5797 PTPRM EMPTY CCAGUUCACCACCAAAAUA 5798 PTPRN protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor CTGGTGAAGTCTGAACTGGAA type, N 5798 PTPRN protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor CAGGTCTGGCTTGGCACCCAA type, N 5805 PTS 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase TAGGTGAATCTTAAAGAAATA 5805 PTS 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase TTCGAGTAGGTGAATCTTAAA 6015 RING1 ring finger protein 1 GCUGGUGAAUGAGAAAUUC 6015 RING1 ring finger protein 1 CCGAAAGAAGCTGGTGTCCAA 6196 RPS6KA2 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa, CTGGAACACGCTGTACCGGAA polypeptide 2 6196 RPS6KA2 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa, CCGGAGGTCCTGAAGCGTCAA polypeptide 2 6196 RPS6KA2 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa, CAGCAAGAUCUGCACAAAG polypeptide 2 6328 SCN3A sodium channel, voltage-gated, type III, CAGCGTAATTTCAGATGTTAT alpha subunit 6328 SCN3A sodium channel, voltage-gated, type III, CTCCCATAATAAATTATATAA alpha subunit 6328 SCN3A sodium channel, voltage-gated, type III, AAAGCTGATAGTCTATGTCAA alpha subunit 6442 SGCA sarcoglycan, alpha (50 kDa dystrophin- UGUGACCCUGGUGGAUAAG associated glycoprotein) 6442 SGCA sarcoglycan, alpha (50 kDa dystrophin- UUGAGGUCACAGCCUACAA associated glycoprotein) 6604 SMARCD3 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, CTCAAGGTGATGACAGATGTA actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 3 6604 SMARCD3 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, GTGGCAGTATGTGAAGACCAA actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 3 6624 FSCN1 fascin homolog 1, actin-bundling CTGAGCCTTATTTCTCTGGAA protein (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) 6624 FSCN1 fascin homolog 1, actin-bundling AACTGGAAATAGCGAAATAAA protein (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) 6625 SNRP70 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 70 kDa CCGGAGAGAGTTTGAGGTGTA (U1) 6625 SNRNP70 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 70 kDa AAGATTGAGCGGCGACAGCAA (U1) 6792 CDKL5 cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 AAGATAGACGCTTCATGTTAA 6792 CDKL5 cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 AAGGCAATAATGCTAATTACA 7005 TEAD3 TEA domain family member 3 TAGCACCTCATTAGCCCACAA 7005 TEAD3 TEA domain family member 3 TGGGTATTTATGAGTTTCATA 7294 TXK TXK tyrosine kinase TAGGTGAATGGCGGTCACATA 7294 TXK TXK tyrosine kinase CCCGGTGACATTCTATTTCCA 7423 VEGFB vascular endothelial growth factor B AAGACCCAAACCTCTGCATAA 7423 VEGFB vascular endothelial growth factor B CAGTGTGAATGCAGACCTAAA 8290 HIST3H3 histone cluster 3, H3 8290 HIST3H3 histone cluster 3, H3 TGAGAGGTTGCGCAACGTTCA 8290 HIST3H3 histone cluster 3, H3 GCGCAAGTCAACGGGTGGCAA 8438 RAD54L RAD54-like (S. cerevisiae) CCCAGACUUUGGAUCUCUU 8438 RAD54L RAD54-like (S. cerevisiae) CGCGCGCTTTGGGAACAGGAA 8476 CDC42BPA CDC42 binding protein kinase alpha TCGGAAAGATATACCCTGTAT (DMPK-like) 8476 CDC42BPA CDC42 binding protein kinase alpha CAGATAATAGTCGGAAACAAA (DMPK-like) 8476 CDC42BPA CDC42 binding protein kinase alpha UUCAGUGGCUCAGUCAGUA (DMPK-like) 8476 CDC42BPA CDC42 binding protein kinase alpha CAGACTTTCCGTAGCAGCTTA (DMPK-like) 8558 CDK10 cyclin-dependent kinase 10 TCCGAACATCGTGGAGCTGAA 8558 CDK10 cyclin-dependent kinase 10 UCUGCACAGGAACUUCAUU 8558 CDK10 cyclic-dependent kinase 10 CCGGAAGCAGCCCTACAACAA 8831 SYNGAP1 synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein CAGAGCAGTGGTACCCTGTAA 1 homolog (rat) 8831 SYNGAP1 synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein CCCGGCTGATGCAAAGCTTTA 1 homolog (rat) 8837 CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis UGGGAGAUUCAUGCCCUUA regulator 8837 CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis CACCGACGAGTCTCAACTAAA regulator 8837 CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis UCCCAGAUUCUUGGCCAAU regulator 9159 PCSK7 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin TAGCTATGACCTCAACTCTAA type 7 9159 PCSK7 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin UGUGGCUUCCAAUCAAGUU type 7 9509 ADAMTS2 ADAM metallopeptidase with CCGCCGGAGGCTGGACCACAA thrombospondin type 1 motif, 2 9509 ADAMTS2 ADAM metallopeptidase with GACAGGCAAGTTCATCTTAAA thrombospondin type 1 motif, 2 9575 CLOCK clock homolog (mouse) ATCCAGCAACTTGCACCTATA 9575 CLOCK clock homolog (mouse) AAGGAGCCATCTACCTATGAA 9625 AATK apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase TCCGCTGAGATCAGAAGGCAA 9625 AATK apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase CCGGTTCCGCTGAGATCAGAA 9641 IKBKE “inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide /5Phos/rGrGrCrCrArGrGrGrCr gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase UrUrGrGrCrUrArCrArArCrGrAr epsilon” GGG 9641 IKBKE “inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide CAAGCUGGAUAAGGUGAAU gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase epsilon” 9641 IKBKE “inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide /5Phos/rUrGrGrUrCrUrGrArCr gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase UrGrArGrCrCrUrArArArGrUrUr epsilon” GUG 9943 OXSR1 oxidative-stress responsive 1 TAGGGACTAACTATAGCACAA 9943 OXSR1 oxidative-stress responsive 1 CTGGAGTAGGGACTAACTATA 10105 PPIF peptidylprolyl isomerase F (cyclophilin CCGCGTGGTGCTGGAGCTGAA F) 10105 PPIF peptidylprolyl isomerase F (cyclophilin ATGGATTTGTGTTCACCTTAA F) 10114 HIPK3 homeodomain interacting protein /5Phos/rUrGrCrArGrArUrUrGr kinase 3 UrCrGrArUrGrArArUrUrGrUrCr CUG 10114 HIPK3 homeodomain interacting protein CAGCCTTACAGGGTTAAAGTA kinase 3 10155 TRIM28 tripartite motif-containing 28 /5Phos/rUrGrGrUrGrArArCrGr UrArCrUrGrUrCrUrArUrUrGrCr AAC 10155 TRIM28 tripartite motif-containing 28 /5Phos/rUrGrGrUrGrArArCrGr UrArCrUrGrUrCrUrArUrUrGrCr AAC 10155 TRIM28 tripartite motif-containing 28 CTGGCCCTATTCTGTCACGAA 10159 ATP6AP2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal AAGGACTATCCTTGAGGCAAA accessory protein 2 10159 ATP6AP2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal AAGAGTGTATATGGTAGGGAA accessory protein 2 10159 ATP6AP2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal CAAGTGCTACATGATATTTCA accessory protein 2 10159 ATP6AP2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal ATGGGCTAATATGGATACTAA accessory protein 2 10188 TNK2 tyrosine kinase, non-receptor, 2 ACGCAAGTCGTGGATGAGTAA 10188 TNK2 tyrosine kinase, non-receptor, 2 CAGGATCTTGTGCCTGGAAAT 10297 APC2 adenomatosis polyposis coli 2 CCGCGGTCTCTGGACAATCAA 10297 APC2 adenomatosis polyposis coli 2 GCAGCACAAGACGCAGAGA 10595 ERN2 endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus AAGGATGAAACTGGCTTCTAT signaling 2 10595 ERN2 endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus CAGCCACTCGACGACCCTGAA signaling 2 10595 ERN2 endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus CAGGGATTAATGAAACTGCCA signaling 2 10733 PLK4 polo-like kinase 4 (Drosophila) UGCCACAUGAAAAGCACUA 10733 PLK4 polo-like kinase 4 (Drosophila) GGAGUAUGCAUCUCAAGAA 10849 CD3EAP CD3e molecule, epsilon associated CAAGGGCAAATTGGCAGGCAA protein 10849 CD3EAP CD3e molecule, epsilon associated CAGATTAACACTGAGCCTCTA protein 11113 CIT “citron (rho-interacting, GCAGAAGCUGAUGCUAAAC serine/threonine kinase 21)” 11113 CIT “citron (rho-interacting, /5Phos/rGrGrCrGrCrCrArArCrG serine/threonine kinase 21)” rArCrGrArGrArUrUrGrUrArCrA GG 23049 SMG1 PI-3-kinase-related kinase SMG-1 ATCGATGTTGCCAGACTACTA 23049 SMG1 PI-3-kinase-related kinase SMG-1 /5Phos/rUrGrGrUrCrUrUrGrAr ArCrArUrCrCrUrArUrUrGrGrCr AUG 23216 TBC1D1 TBC1(tre-2/USP6, BUB2, cdc16) CAGUCAUGACCCAAGUUAC domain family, member 1 23216 TBC1D1 TBC1 (tre-2/USP6, BUB2, cdc16) AGCCGAUGAUCAAACAAAA domain family, member 1 23352 UBR4 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component CTGCGTGAAGGTGAAAGTCAA n-recognin 4 23352 UBR4 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component CACTAATGTGTTGGAAATCAA n-recognin 4 23352 UBR4 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component CCGCAGACUUUGUUAAGAU n-recognin 4 23352 UBR4 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component CAGCAGGGITATGCCCTTAAA n-recognin 4 23352 UBR4 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component CAGGCTGAGGATTCAGATGAA n-recognin 4 23387 KIAA0999 KIAA0999 protein CCUGUUGCCUAUGCAAAAC 23387 SIK3 KIAA0999 protein CTCCTAGTCTTTCATCCTGAA 23387 SIK3 KIAA0999 protein CAGGCAGGCGTGTAACAAGAA 23387 KIAA0999 KIAA0999 protein GUCCCUCCACUUGACCAAU 23396 PIP5K1C phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5- CCGCGTCGTGGTCATGAACAA kinase, type 1, gamma 23396 PIP5K1C phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5- GACGGCGAGAGCGACACATAA kinase, type I, gamma 23552 CCRK cell cycle related kinase TGGCGAGATAGTTGCCCTCAA 23552 CCRK cell cycle related kinase AAGGAGAAGTGCAGAGAGTAA 23552 CCRK cell cycle related kinase UUGGAUCUGCUGGGUCAAU 23552 CCRK cell cycle related kinase AAGGACTTACGGTATCAGATA 23765 IL17RA interleukin 17 receptor CAGCGGTCTGGTTATCGTCTA 23765 IL17RA interleukin 17 receptor CCUCGAGGGUGCAGAGUUA 23770 FKBP8 FK506 binding protein 8, 38 kDa CTGCCAGGAACTGACCACCTA 23770 FKBP8 FK506 binding protein 8, 38 kDa CTCCTACGACCTCGCCATCAA 27092 CACNG4 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, CTAGGTGGTTACAAATCATAA gamma subunit 4 27092 CACNG4 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, UCGGUAUCAUCGUCUACAU gamma subunit 4 27092 CACNG4 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, CAGGAGAGCAACTTACCTTCA gamma subunit 4 29035 C16orf72 chromosome 16 open reading frame 72 CAGGCTCTCCTACACATGTAA 29035 C16orf72 chromosome 16 open reading frame 72 AAGCATTTGGCTGAATCTAAA 29035 C16orf72 chromosome 16 open reading frame 72 CACCTGGTTTCTATATAGTAA 30811 HUNK hormonally up-regulated Neu- CACGGGCAAAGTGCCCTGTAA associated kinase 30811 HUNK hormonally up-regulated Neu- AACTAAGTACGTTGCAAATAA associated kinase 50488 MINK1 misshapen-like kinase 1 (zebrafish) CACGTACGGGCGCATCATTAA 50488 MINK1 misshapen-like kinase 1 (zebrafish) /5Phos/rGrArCrUrCrUrArCrGrC rCrGrGrGrArGrUrUrUrCrUrCrC GG 51061 TXNDC11 thioredoxin domain containing 11 UCCCUCAAUCACAUCUUCA 51061 TXNDC11 thioredoxin domain containing 11 CCUCAAGGAGCAGACCUUU 51390 AIG1 androgen-induced 1 CAGAGAGATGATATACCCGAA 51390 AIG1 androgen-induced 1 CAGATGTTTCTCATTGCATAA 54507 ADAMTSL4 ADAMTS-like 4 CAGCCTTTAACTCCCAGGAAT 54507 ADAMTSL4 ADAMTS-like 4 CAGAACCTCTAAGCCCTGAAA 54776 PPP1R12C protein phosphatase 1, regulatory TTGGAGGAACTGGCCCGGAAA (inhibitor) subunit 12C 54776 PPP1R12C protein phosphatase 1, regulatory CAGGAGGACCTTCGGAACCAA (inhibitor) subunit 12C 55229 PANK4 pantothenate kinase 4 GCGAGTGGCTTCAGAGATTAA 55229 PANK4 pantothenate kinase 4 TCGACATAGGCGGGTCGTTAA 55577 NAGK N-acetylglucosamine kinase CCCGGTCTTGTTCCAGGGCAA 55577 NAGK N-acetylglucosamine kinase ACCTGAGTGAAAGCTACTTAA 55652 SLC48A1 solute carrier family 48 (heme CAGGACGAGTGTGGTCTCCCA transporter), member 1 55652 SLC48A1 solute carrier family 48 (heme CTGGACCTATGCTGCAGGCAA transporter), member 1 55652 SLC48A1 solute carrier family 48 (heme ACGCACGTGATGTACATGCAA transporter), member 1 55851 PSENEN presenilin enhancer 2 homolog (C. elegans) CTCCCAGGACAGGCTCCTTAA 55851 PSENEN presenilin enhancer 2 homolog (C. elegans) CTCGCCCAAAGAAGACTACAA 55872 PBK PDZ binding kinase AACGCTGTAAACTGTAACATT 55872 PBK PDZ binding klnase /5Phos/rArGrCrArUrArCrUrAr UrGrCrArGrCrGrUrUrGrGrGrAr AAG 56300 IL1F9 interleukin 1 family, member 9 AGAGAGACCAGCCCAUCAU 56300 IL1F9 interleukin 1 family, member 9 CAGGAGAGCTGGGTGGTATAA 56311 ANKRD7 ankyrin repeat domain 7 CACCTTATTCTTGGCACTACA 56311 ANKRD7 ankyrin repeat-domain 7 AAGGATGGGTATACTCCACTA 56660 KCNK12 potassium channel, subfamily K, CTGCATTTACTCGCTCTTCAA member 12 56660 KCNK12 potassium channel, subfamily K, CTGGCGCTTTCTTAATCTTTA member 12 56893 UBQLN4 ubiquilin 4 GGAGUUCAAAGAGGAAAUC 56893 UBQLN4 ubiquilin 4 CACACTGGCCTTTGTAAATAA 56893 UBQLN4 ubiquilin 4 AGAGATGCTAATGGAATTTAA 56893 UBQLN4 ubiquilin 4 GCCAUGAUGCAAGAGAUGA 56997 CABC1 chaperone, ABC1 activity of bc1 CAGGGTCAGGATAAACATGAA complex homolog (S. pombe) 56997 CABC1 chaperone, ABC1 activity of bc1 CAACAACTTGTTTCAATTTAA complex homolog (S. pombe) 56997 CABC1 chaperone, ABC1 activity of bc1 CGCGGACTTCATGCCACTGAA complex homolog (S. pombe) 57120 GOPC golgi associated PDZ and coiled-coil CAGCTGCAGCTTCATGCTAAA motif containing 57120 GOPC golgi associated PDZ and coiled-coil CACCGTATTTATTTAGTCAAA motif containing 57502 NLGN4X neuroligin 4, X-linked CCGUUACCCAAUGAGAUCU 57502 NLGN4X neuroligin 4, X-linked UCCGAAAUACUACUCAGUU 57502 NLGN4X neuroligin 4, X-linked UCCGAAAUACUACUCAGUU 57502 NLGN4X neuroggIn 4, X-linked CCCGGGTGTTTCCAACGTCAT 57534 MIB1 mindbomb homolog 1 (Drosophila) GCUCUAAGGCAUCACACUU 57534 MIB1 mindbomb homolog 1 (Drosophila) ACCGAATTACTACACCGGGAA 79641 ROGDI rogdi homolog (Drosophila) CAGGGCTGTCTAAGAAATAAA 79641 ROGDI rogdi homolog (Drosophila) AAGCAAGAGAACTTCATCCTA 79705 LRRK1 leucine-rich repeat kinase 1 AGCGGAGGAAUGAAAAUUG 79705 LRRK1 leucine-rich repeat kinase 1 CCCTGTTTGTTTGCACATAAT 79872 CBLL1 Cas-Br-M (murine) ecotropic retroviral GGGUGCAAGAGAACAUAUU transforming sequence-like 1 79872 CBLL1 Cas-Br-M (murine) ecotropic retroviral CGCGAACTCAAAGAACTATAA transforming sequence-like 1 80818 ZNF436 zinc finger protein 436 AACGAGGTAAATCCCAAGCAA 80818 ZNF436 zinc finger protein 436 ACACATGTTCTTGGTAACTAA 84197 SGK196 protein kinase-like protein SgK196 CACGATGATCTCATGCCCTCA 84197 SGK196 protein kinase-like protein SgK196 AACACTATGCTTACTGAATAT 89891 WDR34 WD repeat domain 34 CATGGTCATCCGAGAGCTGAA 89891 WDR34 WD repeat domain 34 ACGGAGCACCAAGCTCAAGAA 90736 FAM104B family with sequence similarity 104, CTGGGCTTCCTGGGTCAAGTA member B 90736 FAM104B family with sequence similarity 104, CCCAATTCCAATTCCTTGTAA member B 92579 G6PC3 glucose 6 phosphatase, catalytic, 3 GTGGCTCAACCTCATCTTCAA 92579 G6PC3 glucose 6 phosphatase, catalytic, 3 CACATGTTCAGTGCCCAGGAA 92579 G6PC3 glucose 6 phosphatase, catalytic, 3 CTGGGAAATGGCCAGAAGATA 92579 G6PC3 glucose 6 phosphatase, catalytic, 3 CAGGTGCTGGCTGGCCTAATA 93611 FBXO44 F-box protein 44 UGUGAAUGGAGGCGAUGAG 93611 FBXO44 F-box protein 44 CCCGAAAGGTCTTGACCTGAA 94234 FOXQ1 forkhead box Q1 CTCCATCAAACGTGCCTTAAA 94234 FOXQ1 forkhead box Q1 CGCGCGGACTTTGCACTTTGA 96626 LIMS3 LIM and senescent cell antigen-like CAGCCTTGACAGCGAAGAATA domains 3 96626 LIMS3 LIM and senescent cell antigen-like TCCAAGGCTGCTAACAAATAA domains 3 114788 CSMD3 CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3 CACGGTTTGCACAATGGTATA 114788 CSMD3 CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3 CACCCAGCCCAAAGCUAAG 116447 TOP1MT topoisomerase (DNA) I, mitochondrial GACGAAGAUCCAGGCAAAG 116447 TOP1MT topoisomerase (DNA) I, mitochondrial CCAGACGAAGATCCAGGCAAA 118442 GPR62 G protein-coupled receptor 62 TAGGCTCCATTCTGCCATCTA 118442 GPR62 G protein-coupled receptor 62 CCCGCGGGCACUCUUGCAA 124583 CANT1 calcium activated nucleotidase 1 CCAGATCATTGTGGCCCTCAA 124583 CANT1 calcium activated nucleotidase 1 AAGCAGTTTCCTTTCTTATAA 126541 OR10H4 olfactory receptor, family 10, subfamily GCCCUGAUAGGCUGUUUAU H, member 4 126541 OR10H4 olfactory receptor, family 10, subfamily CCCUCUCCGUCUCUGAGAU H, member 4 126541 OR10H4 olfactory receptor, family 10, subfamily TTGAGGATTCCCTCTGCCGAA H, member 4 153571 C5orf38 chromosome 5 open reading frame 38 CCGCCAAAGAATTTAGAACGA 153571 C5orf38 chromosome 5 open reading frame 38 CCGCCTCTGGCAGGACCTGAA 284230 RPL36AP49 ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 49 AAGAGAATGCTGGCTATTAAA 284230 RPL36AP49 ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 49 CCCACCAGACTTTCTGTAAGA 284366 KLK9 kallikrein-related peptidase 9 UGCCACUACCUUGACUGGA 284366 KLK9 kallikrein-related peptidase 9 CACCTCCTTCTTGGAACAGCA 338599 DUPD1 dual specificity phosphatase and pro CCACAGTAAGATCCTGGTTCA isomerase domain containing 1 338599 DUPD1 dual specificity phosphatase and pro AGCGACGACCACAGUAAGA isomerase domain containing 1 340024 SLC6A19 solute carrier family 6 (neutral amino CTCGGTGATTGTGTCCATCAT acid transporter), member 19 340024 SLC6A19 solute carrier family 6 (neutral amino CACGAACATCCTGACCCTCAT acid transporter), member 19 377841 ENTPD8 ectonucleoside triphosphate CACAGTTGAAGGGACAGGCAA diphosphohydrolase 8 377841 ENTPD8 ectonucleoside triphosphate CAGGGTGGTGCTGGCCACAGA diphosphohydrolase 8 377841 ENTPD8 ectonucleoside triphosphate CAGCGTCTACACTCACAGCTA diphosphohydrolase 8 401007 NF1L2 neurofibromin 1-like 2 CTGGCTGCAAATGGCCTCAAA 401007 NF1L2 neurofibromin 1-like 2 TTCAGTATTCTTGGACTCTTA 401665 OR51T1 olfactory receptor, family 51, subfamily CTCATAGTTCAGTGTCTTCAA T, member 1 401665 OR51T1 olfactory receptor, family 51, subfamily CAGCTTGAAGACCAAGACAAT T, member 1 441239 LOC441239 hypothetical gene supported by AACTGACTTGCCCGAATTTAA BC063653 441239 LOC441239 hypothetical gene supported by AACCAGGGCGACCTAGAAGAA BC063653 441239 LOC441239 hypothetical gene supported by CCGGACTGTGCCTTCCGCAAA BC063653 653712 LOC653712 hypothetical LOC653712 CTGCACGGAGCTTCTGGTGAA 653712 LOC653712 hypothetical LOC653712 CAGGATCTTGTTGCCATGGTG 730974 LOC730974 hypothetical LOC730974 TTCCGCCAAGAGGAAGCATAA 730974 LOC730974 hypothetical LOC730974 TCGGACTGTCTGCAGCATCAA 730974 LOC730974 hypothetical LOC730974 CTGGGCCTGGGCACTGGATAA 70 ACTC1 actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1 TCCTAGCACCATGAAGATTAA 70 ACTC1 actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1 CTGATCGTATGCAGAAGGAAA 92 ACVR2A activin A receptor, type IIA TCCACGGTTGCTAAATTATAA 92 ACVR2A activin A receptor, type IIA ACCAATCAAACTGGTGTTGAA 147 ADRA1B adrenergic, alpha-1B-, receptor GCUAAGACGUUGGGCAUUG 147 ADRA1B adrenergic, alpha-1B-, receptor CCCUUCUAUGCCCUCUUCU 335 APOA1 apolipoprotein A-I CGCTCTCGAGGAGTACACTAA 335 APOA1 apolipoprotein A-I GAGACUAUGUGUCCCAGUU 658 BMPR1B “bone morphogenetic protein receptor, GGACUAUAGCUAAGCAGAU type IB” 658 BMPR1B “bone morphogenetic protein receptor, /5Phos/rGrGrArCrCrCrArGrUr type IB” UrGrUrArCrCrUrArArUrCrArCr AGG 790 CAD carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, CCCUGAGUCUGAGCAGUAU aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase 790 CAD carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, CAGCCAAGTGCTAGTAGACAA aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase 1019 CDK4 cyclin-dependent kinase 4 GAGGCCUAGAUUUCCUUCA 1019 CDK4 cyclin-dependent kinase 4 /5Phos/rArCrCrArGrGrArCrCrU rArArGrGrArCrArUrArUrCrUrG AC 1280 COL2A1 collagen, type II, alpha 1 CTGGTTTGGAGAAACCATCAA 1280 C012A1 collagen, type II, alpha 1 AAGCCTGGTGATGATGGTGAA 1455 CSNK1G2 “casein kinase 1, gamma 2” TAGGAAAGAATCTCTATACAA 1455 CSNK1G2 “casein kinase 1, gamma 2” /5Phos/rArGrGrCrCrArGrGrGr UrArUrCrArCrArArArCrUrUrAr UAG 1733 DIO1 deiodinase, iodothyronine, type I TTGGGAGTTTATGCAAGGTAA 1733 DIO1 deiodinase, iodothyronine, type I UAGCAGAUUUUCUUGUCAU 2324 FLT4 fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 CACGCTCTTGGTCAACAGGAA 2324 FLT4 fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 CGUGUCUGCCAUGUACAAG 2334 AFF2 fragile × mental retardation 2 CACGTGATAGTCATAACCCTA 2334 AFF2 fragile × mental retardation 2 CTGGGTAAGACTACTCAGTAA 3356 HTR2A 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) CUCGCCGAUGAUAACUUUG receptor 2A 3356 HTR2A 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) TGGGATTGAGTTGGTTACCTA receptor 2A 4058 LTK leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase ACAGATCTTTGGAGTGCCTAA 4058 LTK leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase CAGGGATATTGCCGCCCGGAA 5580 PRKCD protein kinase C, delta CGCUGCCAUCCACAAGAAA 5580 PRKCD protein kinase C, delta CCGGGACACTATATTCCAGAA 5594 MAPK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 CCCAUAUCUGGAGCAGUAU 5594 MAPK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 /5Phos/rGrCrArCrCrArArCrCrA rUrCrGrArGrCrArArArUrGrArA AG 5707 PSMD1 proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S AAGCAGTGCATTTGTAGGAAA subunit, non-ATPase, 1 5707 PSMD1 proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S CTGCATGTCTTTAATGCAGAA subunit, non-ATPase, 1 6334 SCN8A sodium channel, voltage gated, type GGGAAGAGUUUGCCUUUCA VIII, alpha subunit 6334 SCN8A sodium channel, voltage gated, type ACCATTGATATCAAACCAGAA VIII, alpha subunit 6340 SCNN1G sodium channel, nonvoltage-gated 1, ATCCCGGGACCTGAACTATTA gamma 6340 SCNN1G sodium channel, nonvoltage-gated 1, CAAGGCCGGCAAGTAAACAAA gamma 6340 SCNN1G sodium channel, nonvoltage-gated 1, UGGGCUGCAAGUCAUUUUG gamma 6478 SIAH2 seven in absentia homolog 2 ACCAGAACAUGAAGACAUA (Drosophila) 6478 SIAH2 seven in absentia homolog 2 ACCCGGAGTGCTTATCTTAAA (Drosophila) 6811 STX5 syntaxin 5 CAGTGGAAATTGAAGAGCTAA 6811 STX5 syntaxin 5 ATCAATAGCCTCAACAAACAA 7178 TPT1 tumor protein, translationally- CCGCGCTCGCTCCGAGTTTCA controlled 1 7178 TPT1 tumor protein, translationally- CGCCGTCGTCGTCTCCCTTCA controlled 1 7341 SUMO1 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog CAGTTACCTAATCATGTTGAA 1 (S. cerevisiae) 7341 SUMO1 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog CAGGTTGAAGTCAAGATGACA 1 (S. cerevisiae) 8570 KHSRP KH-type splicing regulatory protein CAGAGGAGGTGAACAAATTAA 8570 KHSRP KH-type splicing regulatory protein CAGGATTCAGGCTGCAAAGTA 9201 DCLK1 doublecortin and CaM kinase-like 1 /5Phos/rGrGrCrUrCrCrUrCrUrA rCrGrUrCrArCrUrUrGrCrGrUrC GG 9201 DCLK1 doublecortin and CaM kinase-like 1 CUGGAGUACACCAAGAAUG 9448 MAP4K4 mitogen-activated protein kinase CGCAAUGACAAGGUGUUCU kinase kinase kinase 4 9448 MAP4K4 mitogen-activated protein kinase /5Phos/rGrGrArUrUrCrArGrGr kinase kinase kinase 4 ArUrCrArGrUrCrUrArUrGrArCr ATT 10036 CHAF1A chromatin assembly factor 1, subunit A CTGCCCTTTAATAAAGCATTA (p150) 10036 CHAF1A chromatin assembly factor 1, subunit A AAGGAAGAAGAGAAACGGTTA (p150) 10280 OPRS1 opioid receptor, sigma 1 CCGGCTTGAGCTCACCACCTA 10280 OPRS1 opioid receptor, sigma 1 CAGCGTCTTCCATTCCAGAAA 10725 NFAT5 nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5, CAGCTGGTGCTTTGAATGTAA tonicity-responsive 10725 NFAT5 nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5, CAGGAGTGCCAGAAATCTTAA tonicity-responsive 11213 IRAK3 interleukin-1 receptor-associated AGCCAGAGAGCAAGAGAAA kinase 3 11213 IRAK3 interleukin-1 receptor-associated /5Phos/rGrCrArArCrGrCrGrGrG kinase 3 rCrArArArGrUrUrArArGrArCrC GC 23386 NUDCD3 NudC domain containing 3 CTCCTTGGTGTTGGTTTGCAA 23386 NUDCD3 NudC domain containing 3 CCCTGCTTTAATAAACAGCAA 25831 HECTD1 HECT domain containing 1 CAGGACTGGCAGAATGTTGAA 25831 HECTD1 HECT domain containing 1 ACGGAACGGAGAUCAGAAA 27347 STK39 “serine threonine kinase 39 GGGAUUUGAAAGCUGGUAA (STE20/SPS1 homolog, yeast)” 27347 STK39 “serine threonine kinase 39 /5Phos/rGrGrCrCrCrArCrCrCrA (STE20/SPS1 homolog, yeast)” rArUrGrCrUrArArUrGrArArGrA GG 28996 HIPK2 homeodomain interacting protein GGUGAACAUGACGACAGAU kinase 2 28996 HIPK2 homeodomain interacting protein /5Phos/rGrCrGrArUrCrCrArArG kinase 2 rCrGrUrGrUrCrArArGrGrArGrA GC 29110 TBK1 TANK-binding kinase 1 AGCCUUCUGGUGCAAUAUC 29110 TBK1 TANK-binding kinase 1 CAGAACGTAGATTAGCTTATA 29110 TBK1 TANK-binding kinase 1 AAAGCGGCAGAGTTAGGTGAA 30815 ST6GALNAC6 ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3- CCGGAGAGAAATGAGTAGCAA beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N- acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6- sialyltransferase 6 30815 ST6GALNAC6 ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3- CTCAATTTCCAGCACCAGAAA beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N- acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6- sialyltransferase 6 51172 NAGPA N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester TTGAATAAATTGATATAATAA alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase 51172 NAGPA N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester CACAGGAGACAGGTTCCTTTA alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase 51257 3-Mar membrane-associated ring finger CACGCTGGGTGCCGTGCATAA (C3HC4) 2 51257 3-Mar membrane-associated ring finger ACCAGAAAGUUCGCCUGAA (C3HC4) 2 51422 PRKAG2 protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma AAGCGCGGTTATGGACACCAA 2 non-catalytic subunit 51422 PRKAG2 protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma AAGCACGAGCCTGAACGGTTA 2 non-catalytic subunit 51526 C20orf111 chromosome 20 open reading frame CACAATGAAATCCGAAGCCAA 111 51526 C20orf111 chromosome 20 open reading frame ACAGATGATACCAAACCTAAA 111 54980 C2orf42 chromosome 2 open reading frame 42 CAGCGGTCTTAAAGAGATTAT 54980 C2orf42 chromosome 2 open reading frame 42 CTGCTCTTAGCTAAGATGCAA 54991 C1orf159 chromosome 1 open reading frame 159 CAGGGCCTGCTACAGAAGAAA 54991 C1orf159 chromosome 1 open reading frame 159 CAGAAATTCATTGTGCAGAAA 55850 USE1 unconventional SNARE in the ER 1 CTCAGAGAAAGCACTGGCCAA homolog (S. cerevisiae) 55850 USE1 unconventional SNARE in the ER 1 ACCGGCCTCTGAGGTGATCAA homolog (S. cerevisiae) 56164 STK31 serine/threonine kinase 31 GCUCUACUCAGAUGGAAAU 56164 STK31 serine/threonine kinase 31 /5Phos/rCrCrGrUrCrUrUrGrUr ArGrCrArUrGrGrUrUrCrCrArAr AGA 57085 AGTRAP angiotensin II receptor-associated TTGGGTCTTCTCAGGACCGTA protein 57085 AGTRAP angiotensin II receptor-associated CAGGGATTGCCTGAACCAAGA protein 57418 WDR18 WD repeat domain 18 CTGCATCGTGTGGGAACTTCA 57418 WDR18 WD repeat domain 18 CACAGTGGTGCTAGTCTGTTT 64284 RAB17 RAB17, member RAS oncogene family TCGCCTGAGATATAAGTTGTA 64284 RAB17 RAB17, member RAS oncogene family AAGTGAGATCCTGGAAGTGAA 64601 VPS16 vacuolar protein sorting 16 homolog CCGCACGGAGCTGGCCATCAA (S. cerevisiae) 64601 VPS16 vacuolar protein sorting 16 homolog CAGCATGGACTGGGACCTGAA (S. cerevisiae) 65220 NADK NAD kinase CCAGACCATCATGCACATTCA 65220 NADK NAD kinase CACGCACCTCATGGAGGAGAA 114299 PALM2 paralemmin 2 AAGGCTGGACAATCAAGCTTA 114299 PALM2 paralemmin 2 CAGAAAGGAGTCAAAGTCTAT 115701 ALPK2 alpha-kinase 2 AGCGAAGACCTTGGCATTTAT 115701 ALPK2 alpha-kinase 2 CGGCCTCATGCCTGTCTTCAA 127733 UBXN10 UBX domain containing 3 CACCAGGACTTGAGCACATAA 127733 UBXN10 UBX domain containing 3 CTGGTAAATAACCACAGTGTA 166614 DCLK2 doublecortin and CaM kinase-like 2 GGUCAUUGGUGAUGGCAAU 166614 DCLK2 doublecortin and CaM kinase-like 2 /5Phos/rCrGrGrUrGrUrArCrCr GrCrGrGrGrArCrArArArUrCrCr UCG 256126 SYCE2 synaptonemal complex central element GAGGATCTATCAGATTTATAA protein 2 256126 SYCE2 synaptonemal complex central element CAGGAACAGCCTGAAGACCAA protein 2 340260 UNCX UNC homeobox CTGGATTCTGGTACCCTCCGA 340260 UNCX UNC homeobox CCGCCATGTGCCCTTCTCCAT 440396 LOC440396 LOC284387, similar to Heterogeneous ACGGACTGTGTGGTAATGAGA nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (Helix- destabilizing protein) (Single-strand binding protein) (hnRNP core protein A1) (HDP-1) (Topoisomerase-inhibitor suppressed) 440396 LOC440396 LOC284387, similar to Heterogeneous CACCGCCAAGTCTAAGTCAGA nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (Helix- destabilizing protein) (Single-strand binding protein) (hnRNP core protein A1) (HDP-1) (Topoisomerase-inhibitor suppressed) 440738 MAP1LC3C microtubule-associated protein 1 light CCCGGTGGTAGTGGAGCGCTA chain 3 gamma 440738 MAP1LC3C microtubule-associated protein 1 light CGCAACCATGGCAGAGATCTA chain 3 gamma 441670 OR4M1 olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily CCAGGAAAUAUCCUUAUCA M, member 1 441670 OR4M1 olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily CGUCUCUGCUGUAUCCUGG M, member 1 1385 CREB1 cAMP responsive element binding CAGCCGGGTACTACCATTCTA protein 1 1385 CREB1 cAMP responsive element binding AGGGCAGTTGTTGCTTCTTAA protein 1 2260 FGFR1 fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 CAGAGGAGAAAGAAACAGATA (fms-related tyrosine kinase 2, Pfeiffer syndrome) 2260 FGFR1 fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 CCUGCAUUGUGGAGAAUGA (fms-related tyrosine kinase 2, Pfeiffer syndrome) 4914 NTRK1 “neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, CACGGAGGCAATCGACTGCAT receptor, type 1” 4914 NTRK1 “neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, /5Phos/rArCrCrArGrArGrGrUrC receptor, type 1” rUrArCrGrCrCrArUrCrArUrGrC GG 4915 NTRK2 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, GAGCAUCAUGUACAGGAAA type 2 4915 NTRK2 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, ACCACGAACAGAAGTAATGAA type 2 5062 PAK2 p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 2 /5Phos/rArGrCrUrArCrGrCrUr GrUrGrGrUrUrUrArUrUrCrUrU rAAG 5062 PAK2 p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 2 /5Phos/rGrGrArGrCrUrArCrGr CrUrGrUrGrGrUrUrUrArUrUrCr UGG 5422 POLA1 polymerase (DNA directed), alpha CCAGACCUGGUGAAUGUAA 5422 POLA1 polymerase (DNA directed), alpha CAGGATCTTAACACTGAGACA 9149 DYRK1B dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)- CTCGCTGAACCTGACCCGGAA phosphorylation regulated kinase 1B 9149 DYRK1B dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)- CCGGACCTACCGCTACAGCAA phosphorylation regulated kinase 1B 9464 HAND2 heart and neural crest derivatives ATCCGGTTTATTTATGTGCAA expressed 2 9464 HAND2 heart and neural crest derivatives CCGGCGTGGGCGAATTCAGAA expressed 2 9578 CDC42BPB CDC42 binding protein kinase beta /5Phos/rUrGrCrUrArCrArCrGrC (DMPK-like) rCrGrArGrArUrArUrUrCrCrArU TG 9578 CDC42BPB CDC42 binding protein kinase beta GCUCAGAUUGCGGAAAUCA (DMPK-like) 10616 RBCK1 RanBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger CGGGTGCACCTTCATCAACAA containing 1 10616 RBCK1 RanBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger AGGGAUGGUGCUUCUUUGA containing 1 23534 TNPO3 transportin 3 ACCGAATGTCTTAGTGAACTA 23534 TNPO3 transportin 3 CTGGGAGATCATGCAGGTTGA 30849 PIK3R4 phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory AAGATGTACTTGACTAGTTTA subunit 4 30849 PIK3R4 phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory AAGCAGAATTCTAGATCAGAA subunit 4 57551 TAOK1 TAO kinase 1 GGACAAUAUGAUGGCAAAG 57551 TAOK1 TAO kinase 1 CAGTGCTAAAGTACTACTGAA 114880 OSBPL6 oxysterol binding protein-like 6 CACATTCTGAATGAATAAATA 114880 OSBPL6 orysterol binding protein-like 6 CAGGTTGTCAGTGTAAATATT 114971 PTPMT1 protein tyrosine phosphatase, CACCTTGGACAACCTCCAGAA mitochondrial 1 114971 PTPMT1 protein tyrosine phosphatase, AACCTCCAGAAGGGAGTCCAA mitochondrial 1 204851 HIPK1 homeodomain interacting protein AGGGAAGCTGTACACCACTAA kinase 1 204851 HIPK1 homeodomain interacting protein CAGGAGTTCTCACGCAGGGAA kinase 1 283455 KSR2 kinase suppressor of ras 2 TCCGTTGTGAGGGATGCCAAA 283455 KSR2 kinase suppressor of ras 2 ATCCGGTGACCTCGAATCCAA WT virus growth (HA titer reduction) mean siRNAs re- confirming Viral gene expression (RT-PCR) duction with WT confirmed confirmed in Influenza for WT AVE_(NP, for geneID wtWSN1 wtWSN2 HA titer Replication replication NP ave M1 ave M1) RT-PCR 290 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 0.276712682 0.29987259 0.288292636 Y 290 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 0.97878345 0.574486806 0.776635128 Y 361 −6.5 −5.5 −6 >=2 Y Y 361 −2 −2.5 −2.25 >=2 Y 0.116096271 0.106942002 0.111519137 Y 372 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 1.42E−02 1.02E−02 1.22E−02 Y 372 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 5.91E−03 6.47E−03 6.19E−03 Y 523 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 3.44E−02 5.11E−02 4.27E−02 Y 523 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 5.85E−02 3.13E−02 4.49E−02 Y 526 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 0.121477992 0.113347248 0.11741262 Y 526 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 2.52E−02 2.02E−02 2.27E−02 Y 526 >=2 Y 4.89E−02 3.61E−02 4.25E−02 Y 527 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 2.43E−02 1.75E−02 2.09E−02 Y 527 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 9.86E−03 2.43E−02 1.71E−02 Y 533 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 1.63E−02 1.13E−02 1.38E−02 Y 533 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 1.68E−02 0.015930397 1.63E−02 Y 537 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 1.07E−02 1.43E−02 1.25E−02 Y 537 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 8.45E−02 6.37E−02 7.41E−02 Y 537 >=2 Y 1.39E−02 5.86E−03 9.86E−03 Y 816 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 0.202739551 0.264986076 0.233862813 Y 816 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 9.58E−02 7.60E−02 8.59E−02 Y 816 >=2 Y 0.118015515 4.64E−02 8.22E−02 Y 975 −8.5 −9.5 −9 >=2 Y 0.033288732 1.78E−02 2.55E−02 Y 975 −6.5 −6.5 −6.5 >=2 Y 0.355094491 0.322617285 0.338855888 Y 1314 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y 0.135288768 0.173932374 0.154610571 Y 1314 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y 3.01E−02 2.56E−02 2.79E−02 Y 1394 −7.5 −8.5 −8 >=2 Y 8.30E−02 7.95E−02 8.13E−02 Y 1394 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 0.382687745 0.573688423 0.478188084 Y 1434 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 0.225386093 0.247194416 0.236290254 Y 1434 −8 −8 −8 >=2 Y 0.125066897 0.186081518 0.155574207 Y 1434 −6.5 −5.5 −6 >=2 Y 0.373784133 0.686648008 0.53021607 Y 1434 >=2 Y 0.818239448 0.740879592 0.77955952 Y 1521 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.231461644 0.175265844 0.203363744 Y 1521 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.11965879 0.123660199 0.121659495 Y 1521 >=2 Y 0.637934448 0.565303765 0.601619106 Y 1832 −8.5 −8.5 −8.5 >=2 Y Y 1832 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.220942878 0.229039136 0.224991007 Y 1845 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 0.148010379 0.118605762 0.133308071 Y 1845 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.166106049 0.213380168 0.189743108 Y 2022 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y 0.245476213 0.240430849 0.242953531 Y 2022 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 0.344587177 0.251762053 0.298174615 Y 2022 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 1.134697849 1.097333909 1.116015879 Y 2045 −8.5 −9.5 −9 >=2 Y 0.223027951 0.230562172 0.226795061 Y 2045 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.450841207 0.480007028 0.465424118 Y 2048 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.323242146 0.421804646 0.372523396 Y 2048 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 1.158171743 0.953026309 1.055599026 Y 2050 −5.5 −6.5 −6 >=2 Y 0.189424625 0.121470154 0.155447389 Y 2050 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 0.942415004 7.528956844 4.235685924 Y 2162 −6.5 −6.5 −6.5 >=2 Y 3.18E−03 5.95E−03 4.57E−03 Y 2162 −4.5 −5.5 −5 >=2 Y 2.192961605 1.823711137 2.008336371 Y 2263 −7.5 −8.5 −8 >=2 Y 6.96E−02 6.82E−02 6.89E−02 Y 2263 −6.5 −6.5 −6.5 >=2 Y 0.310759578 0.28012525 0.295442414 Y 2264 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 7.21E−02 5.59E−02 6.40E−02 Y 2264 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 8.87E−02 8.89E−02 8.88E−02 Y 2357 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 1.130192474 1.215250396 1.172721435 Y 2357 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 0.756692772 0.559339357 0.658016065 Y 2475 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 2475 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.712210477 0.615008258 0.663609368 Y 2475 >=2 Y 0.711422314 0.574693285 0.463216786 Y 2475 >=2 Y 0.501709136 0.424724436 0.643057799 Y 2539 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.182636117 0.20704941 0.194842764 Y 2539 −2.5 −3.5 −3 >=2 Y Y 2550 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 0.238708534 0.20028687 0.219497702 Y 2550 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 9.17E−02 6.50E−02 7.83E−02 Y 2580 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 2.61E−02 2.35E−02 2.48E−02 Y 2580 −3.5 −2.5 −3 >=2 Y Y 2932 −7.5 −6.5 −7 >=2 Y 0.440007322 0.461256794 0.450632058 Y 2932 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 0.302074277 0.292786457 0.297430367 Y 3320 −3.5 −2.5 −3 >=2 Y 0.280282634 0.262304168 0.271293401 Y 3320 −3.5 −2.5 −3 >=2 Y 0.500345875 0.626750202 0.563548039 Y 3675 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 0.513097815 1.049249663 0.781173739 Y 3675 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.310963052 0.379833972 0.345398512 Y 3675 >=2 Y 0.443106766 0.342524552 0.392815659 Y 3675 >=2 Y 0.100605588 9.05E−02 9.56E−02 Y 3717 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.113663396 6.24E−02 8.80E−02 Y 3717 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 1.201552001 1.518853243 1.360202622 Y 3837 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 0.275694355 0.189335578 0.232514966 Y 3837 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 7.62E−02 6.83E−02 7.23E−02 Y 4193 −6.5 −6.5 −6.5 >=2 Y 0.425690698 0.106538088 0.266114393 Y 4193 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 2.641333263 1.147790017 1.89456164 Y 4296 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 0.14390299 0.129378518 0.136640754 Y 4296 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.196739061 8.82E−02 0.142453189 Y 4923 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 2.05E−02 8.87E−03 1.47E−02 Y 4923 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 3.48E−02 2.51E−02 3.00E−02 Y 5063 −6 −7 −6.5 >=2 Y 1.463575884 0.57794856 1.020762222 Y 5063 −2.5 −1.5 −2 >=2 Y Y 5566 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.449543156 0.335208496 0.392375826 Y 5566 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 1.013468695 1.164365531 1.088917113 Y 5584 −4.5 −4.5 −4.5 >=2 Y 0.46577858 0.510771815 0.488275198 Y 5584 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 1.553577104 2.98758892 2.270583012 Y 5606 −8 −8 −8 >=2 Y 7.18E−02 1.97E−02 4.57E−02 Y 5606 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 0.388898593 0.360233031 0.374565812 Y 5606 >=2 Y 3.29E−02 4.07E−02 3.68E−02 Y 5757 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 1.46E−02 1.19E−02 1.32E−02 Y 5757 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.221552223 9.10E−02 0.156281336 Y 5961 −8.5 −7.5 −8 >=2 Y 6.60E−02 6.79E−02 6.69E−02 Y 5961 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 1.555684907 1.402947925 1.479316416 Y 5961 >=2 Y 0.964064284 0.700986982 0.832525633 Y 6204 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 2.154080572 2.080193691 2.117137132 Y 6204 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 0.16677873 0.132387012 0.149582871 Y 6204 >=2 Y 0.489687133 0.201551999 0.345619566 Y 6204 >=2 Y 0.516445476 0.389104861 0.452775168 Y 6224 −6.5 −6.5 −6.5 >=2 Y 0.433346492 0.255444505 0.344395499 Y 6224 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 8.33E−02 7.84E−02 8.08E−02 Y 6224 >=2 Y 1.559176356 0.669989053 1.114582704 Y 6357 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 4.42E−02 2.20E−02 3.31E−02 Y 6357 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.168338881 0.181578463 0.174958672 Y 6357 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y Y 6357 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y Y 6446 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 0.223521487 0.264166238 0.243843863 Y 6446 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y Y 6613 −4 −3 −3.5 >=2 Y 6.35E−02 9.21E−02 7.78E−02 Y 6613 −3 −4 −3.5 >=2 Y 9.01E−02 7.74E−02 8.37E−02 Y 6627 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 0.760619597 0.541460669 0.651040133 Y 6627 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.213779849 9.84E−02 0.156087654 Y 6627 >=2 Y 0.438291968 0.823924041 0.631108004 Y 7786 −6 −5 −5.5 >=2 Y 0.361562886 0.23725233 0.299407608 Y 7786 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y Y 8021 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 5.83E−02 5.71E−02 5.77E−02 Y 8021 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 8.06E−02 0.125576159 0.103090402 Y 8677 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 2.16E−02 1.75E−02 0.019541345 Y 8677 −5 −7 −6 >=2 Y 0.32704471 0.283947323 0.305496021 Y 9114 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y 3.84E−02 2.91E−02 3.38E−02 Y 9114 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y 0.2451907 0.295460092 0.270325396 Y 9114 >=2 Y 0.125527457 0.127024337 0.126275897 Y 9114 >=2 Y 0.300934689 0.297950802 0.299442745 Y 9135 −3 −4 −3.5 >=−2 Y 0.357409642 0.338984125 0.348196883 Y 9135 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.407140397 0.511565327 0.459352862 Y 9180 −2.5 −3.5 −3 >=2 Y 1.375054711 1.111293449 1.24317408 Y 9180 −2.5 −1.5 −2 >=2 Y 0.194092258 0.220857847 0.207475053 Y 9230 −7 −8 −7.5 >=2 Y 0.316134796 0.323754957 0.319944876 Y 9230 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 0.518829968 0.210507289 0.364668628 Y 9230 >=2 Y 0.190252993 0.187018406 0.188635699 Y 9231 −5.5 −4.5 −5 >=2 Y 4.35E−02 4.79E−02 0.04568758 Y 9231 −3.5 −2.5 −3 >=2 Y 0.306875572 0.363093244 0.334984408 Y 9256 −6 −5 −5.5 >=2 Y 1.77E−02 2.49E−02 2.13E−02 Y 9256 −3.5 −2.5 −3 >=2 Y 0.220344648 0.297024739 0.258684693 Y 9276 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y Y 9276 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y Y 9276 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y Y 9276 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y 2.30E−02 2.17E−02 2.23E−02 Y 9972 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 0.3363035 0.315331675 0.325817587 Y 9972 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 2.236736858 3.11963013 2.678183494 Y 10055 −3 −2 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.439330276 0.643235083 0.541282679 Y 10055 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 4.78E−02 6.89E−02 5.84E−02 Y 10181 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 6.22E−02 9.34E−02 7.78E−02 Y 10181 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.790734052 0.74911088 0.769922466 Y 10291 −6.5 −6.5 −6.5 >=2 Y 0.136974065 9.12E−02 0.114109001 Y 10291 −6.5 −6.5 −6.5 >=2 Y 0.150457957 7.85E−02 0.114495102 Y 10381 −9.5 −9.5 −9.5 >=2 Y Y 10381 −8.5 −9.5 −9 >=2 Y Y 10381 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 4.36E−02 3.64E−02 0.039978728 Y 10783 −5.5 −4.5 −5 >=2 Y 0.547889106 0.535242792 0.541565949 Y 10783 −5.5 −5.5 −5.5 >=2 Y 1.572970546 1.555665365 1.564317956 Y 11214 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 5.31E−02 0.115648303 0.084391456 Y 11214 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.395669457 0.503400778 0.449535117 Y 22820 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 2.50E−02 1.96E−02 2.23E−02 Y 22820 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.329384041 0.285772176 0.307578109 Y 22820 >=2 Y 0.363517395 0.155612566 0.259564981 Y 23604 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 0.594485599 0.502650063 0.548567831 Y 23604 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y Y 23604 0.5 0.5 0.5 >=2 Y Y 23604 >=2 Y 0.403975913 0.279240635 0.341608274 Y 29127 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 0.905902229 0.631415528 0.768658879 Y 29127 −3.5 −2.5 −3 >=2 Y Y 29127 0 0 0 >=2 Y 0.411101648 0.402318029 0.406709839 Y 29882 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 0.391276617 0.252454322 0.321865469 Y 29882 −3 −4 −3.5 >=2 Y 1.96E−02 1.00E−02 1.48E−02 Y 29959 −5.5 −4.5 −5 >=2 Y Y 29959 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 0.293423129 0.176108822 0.234765976 Y 51393 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 0.749756005 0.660982579 0.705369292 Y 51393 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 8.36E−02 0.109734118 9.67E−02 Y 54866 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 0.274867037 0.210698877 0.242782957 Y 54866 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 0.211288401 0.11031781 0.160803106 Y 57579 −5 −7 −6 >=2 Y 0.24570503 0.189513883 0.217609456 Y 57579 −3 −4 −3.5 >=2 Y 0.640587015 0.614963575 0.627775295 Y 79574 −5.5 −5.5 −5.5 >=2 Y 0.139594668 7.16E−02 0.105584956 Y 79574 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 2.64E−02 2.96E−02 2.80E−02 Y 80231 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 1.169027401 0.899644378 1.034335889 Y 80231 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 1.130320326 0.625270303 0.877795315 Y 93953 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 0.197332102 9.79E−02 0.147593538 Y 93953 −6.5 −5.5 −6 >=2 Y 0.674520348 0.701862137 0.688191243 Y 93953 >=2 Y 0.77333686 0.626216941 0.699776902 Y 93953 >=2 Y 0.825537741 0.875412955 0.850475348 Y 113878 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 3.12E−02 2.16E−02 2.64E−02 Y 113878 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.538612128 0.190512624 0.364562376 Y 113878 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 >=2 Y 1.842557408 1.973498973 1.908028191 Y 113878 >=2 Y 0.267681487 0.338242301 0.302961894 Y 113878 >=2 Y 0.554341912 0.398169527 0.47625572 Y 122525 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 0.491190122 0.429301414 0.460245768 Y 122525 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 0.562016671 0.378561163 0.470288917 Y 167681 −6 −7 −6.5 >=2 Y 0.06199709 0.02258516 4.23E−02 Y 167681 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y Y 167681 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.283520162 0.19593595 0.239728056 Y 203068 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 1.099277504 0.990621594 1.044949549 Y 203068 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 0.381391092 0.267730642 0.324560867 Y 254065 −4 −3 −3.5 >=2 Y 1.142615952 1.237190897 1.189903425 Y 254065 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 4.40E−02 4.09E−02 4.24E−02 Y 387082 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.183816124 0.169065396 0.17644076 Y 387082 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.193737903 0.130439368 0.162088636 Y 387082 >=2 Y 0.608248428 0.537052488 0.572650458 Y 387911 −8 −9 −8.5 >=2 Y 0.274367112 7.78E−02 0.176098909 Y 387911 −4 −3 −3.5 >=2 Y 0.577150213 0.383806092 0.480478152 Y 643641 −6.5 −3.5 −5 >=2 Y 1.747783257 1.29430927 1.521046263 Y 643641 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.77428819 0.471919443 0.623103817 Y 5610 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 1.461658326 1.549028585 1.505343455 N 5610 −2.5 −1.5 −2 >=2 Y 0.870704551 0.963917105 0.917310828 N 6093 −5.5 −4.5 −5 >=2 Y 0.725195368 0.680611854 0.702904111 N 6093 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y N 6093 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 0.678176541 0.664688776 0.671432659 N 58526 −7 −6 −6.5 >=2 Y 1.057494617 0.704782944 0.88113878 N 58526 −4 −3 −3.5 >=2 Y 1.189134883 1.383571521 1.286353202 N 157 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 157 −4.5 −6.5 −5.5 >=2 Y 207 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 207 −7 −6 −6.5 >=2 Y 351 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 351 −5.5 −6.5 −6 >=2 Y 369 −4.5 −4.5 −4.5 >=2 Y 369 −2.5 −1.5 −2 >=2 Y 602 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 602 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 827 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 827 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 827 −1.5 −2.5 −2 >=2 Y 1195 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 1195 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 1263 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 1263 −4 −6 −5 >=2 Y 1511 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 1511 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 1511 −2.5 −3.5 −3 >=2 Y 1613 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 1613 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 1717 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 1717 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 1787 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 1787 −1.5 −2.5 −2 >=2 Y 2011 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 2011 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 2322 −11 −11 −11 >=2 Y 2322 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 2342 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 2342 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 2346 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 2346 −4.5 −5.5 −5 >=2 Y 2444 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 2444 −4.5 −2.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 2703 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 2703 −9 −10 −9.5 >=2 Y 2703 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 2869 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 2869 −3.5 −4.5 −4 >=2 Y 2870 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 2870 −2.5 −1.5 −2 >=2 Y 2936 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 2936 −5.5 −4.5 −5 >=2 Y 3265 −5.5 −5.5 −5.5 >=2 Y 3265 −3 −4 −3.5 >=2 Y 3265 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 3265 1 1 1 >=2 Y 3547 −9 −8 −8.5 >=2 Y 3547 −8 −10 −9 >=2 Y 3547 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 3547 −4 −3 −3.5 >=2 Y 3568 −6.5 −5.5 −6 >=2 Y 3568 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 3568 0.5 0.5 0.5 >=2 Y 3568 1 1 1 >=2 Y 3581 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 3581 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 3581 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 3581 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 3674 −7.5 −6.5 −7 >=2 Y 3674 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 3674 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 3725 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 3725 −7 −6 −6.5 >=2 Y 3760 −8 −9 −8.5 >=2 Y 3760 −7.5 −6.5 −7 >=2 Y 3760 −7 −8 −7.5 >=2 Y 3760 0 0 0 >=2 Y 3767 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 3767 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 3778 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 3778 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 3984 −5 −3 −4 >=2 Y 3984 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 4809 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 4809 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 4886 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 4886 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 4886 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 4920 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 4920 −6 −4 −5 >=2 Y 5096 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 5096 −7 −6 −6.5 >=2 Y 5096 −2 −4 −3 >=2 Y 5165 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 5165 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 5253 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 5253 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 5310 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 5310 −6.5 −5.5 −6 >=2 Y 5605 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 5605 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 5607 −6 −7 −6.5 >=2 Y 5607 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 5797 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 5797 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 5798 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 5798 −8 −9 −8.5 >=2 Y 5805 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 5805 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 6015 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 6015 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 6196 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 6196 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 6196 −1.5 −4.5 −3 >=2 Y 6328 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 6328 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 6328 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 6442 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 6442 −6.5 −3.5 −5 >=2 Y 6604 −8 −8 −8 >=2 Y 6604 −7 −8 −7.5 >=2 Y 6624 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 6624 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 6625 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 6625 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 6792 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 6792 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 7005 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 7005 −9 −8 −8.5 >=2 Y 7294 −9 −10 −9.5 >=2 Y 7294 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 7423 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 7423 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 8290 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 8290 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 8290 −1 −2 −1.5 >=2 Y 8438 −7.5 −1.5 −4.5 >=2 Y 8438 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 8476 −11 −11 −11 >=2 Y 8476 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 8476 −3.5 −4.5 −4 >=2 Y 8476 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 8558 −11 −11 −11 >=2 Y 8558 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 8558 0 −1 −0.5 >=2 Y 8831 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 8831 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 8837 −4.5 −3.5 −4 >=2 Y 8837 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 8837 −2 −5 −3.5 >=2 Y 9159 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 9159 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 9509 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 9509 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 9575 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 9575 −6 −7 −6.5 >=2 Y 9625 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 9625 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 9641 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 9641 −1.5 −3.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 9641 0 0 0 >=2 Y 9943 −6 −7 −6.5 >=2 Y 9943 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 10105 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 10105 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 10114 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 10114 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 10155 −7 −6 −6.5 >=2 Y 10155 −5 −7 −6 >=2 Y 10155 −1 −2 −1.5 >=2 Y 10159 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 10159 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 10159 −7 −8 −7.5 >=2 Y 10159 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 10188 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 10188 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 10297 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 10297 −3.5 −2.5 −3 >=2 Y 10595 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 10595 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 10595 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 10733 −8 −8 −8 >=2 Y 10733 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 10849 −9 −10 −9.5 >=2 Y 10849 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 11113 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 11113 −5 −7 −6 >=2 Y 23049 −8 −7 −7.5 >=2 Y 23049 −5 −2 −3.5 >=2 Y 23216 −4.5 −5.5 −5 >=2 Y 23216 −3.5 −2.5 −3 >=2 Y 23352 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 23352 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 23352 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 23352 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 23352 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 23387 −6.5 −6.5 −6.5 >=2 Y 23387 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 23387 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 23387 −3.5 −3.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 23396 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 23396 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 23552 −11 −11 −11 >=2 Y 23552 −8 −9 −8.5 >=2 Y 23552 −4.5 −3.5 −4 >=2 Y 23552 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 23765 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 23765 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 23770 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 23770 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 27092 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 27092 −4.5 −3.5 −4 >=2 Y 27092 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 29035 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 29035 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 29035 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 30811 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 30811 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 50488 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 50488 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 51061 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 51061 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 51390 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 51390 −8 −9 −8.5 >=2 Y 54507 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 54507 −3 −4 −3.5 >=2 Y 54776 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 54776 −3 −2 −2.5 >=2 Y 55229 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 55229 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 55577 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 55577 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 55652 −7 −6 −6.5 >=2 Y 55652 −6 −7 −6.5 >=2 Y 55652 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 55851 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 55851 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 55872 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 55872 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 56300 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 56300 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 56311 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 56311 −2 −3 −2.5 >=2 Y 56660 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 56660 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 56893 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 56893 −6 −8 −7 >=2 Y 56893 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 56893 −3 −5 −4 >=2 Y 56997 −6 −7 −6.5 >=2 Y 56997 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 56997 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 57120 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 57120 −4 −3 −3.5 >=2 Y 57502 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 57502 −1.5 −5.5 −3.5 >=2 Y 57502 −1.5 −0.5 −1 >=2 Y 57502 0 0 0 >=2 Y 57534 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 57534 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 79641 −6 −7 −6.5 >=2 Y 79641 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 79705 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 79705 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 79872 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 79872 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 80818 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 80818 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 84197 −7 −7 −7 >=2 r 84197 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 89891 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 89891 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 90736 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 90736 −7 −6 −6.5 >=2 Y 92579 −11 −11 −11 >=2 Y 92579 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 92579 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 >=2 Y 92579 −1 −1 −1 >=2 Y 93611 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 93611 −5 −4 −4.5 >=2 Y 94234 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 94234 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 96626 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 96626 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 114788 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 114788 −5.5 −5.5 −5.5 >=2 Y 116447 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 116447 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 118442 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 118442 −3.5 −4.5 −4 >=2 Y 124583 −5 −6 −5.5 >=2 Y 124583 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 126541 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 126541 −5.5 −5.5 −5.5 >=2 Y 126541 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 153571 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 153571 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 284230 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 284230 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 284366 −7.5 −7.5 −7.5 >=2 Y 284366 −4 −5 −4.5 >=2 Y 338599 −7 −7 −7 >=2 Y 338599 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 340024 −10 −10 −10 >=2 Y 340024 −7 −9 −8 >=2 Y 377841 −9 −9 −9 >=2 Y 377841 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 377841 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 401007 −5 −5 −5 >=2 Y 401007 −2 −2 −2 >=2 Y 401665 −4 −4 −4 >=2 Y 401665 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 441239 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 441239 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 441239 0 0 0 >=2 Y 653712 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 653712 −3 −3 −3 >=2 Y 730974 −11 −11 −11 >=2 Y 730974 −6 −6 −6 >=2 Y 730974 −3 −4 −3.5 >=2 Y 70 −9 −9 −9 1 N 70 0 0 0 1 N 92 −3 −3 −3 1 N 92 −1 −1 −1 1 N 147 −5.5 −6.5 −6 1 N 147 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 1 N 335 −6 −6 −6 1 N 335 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5 1 N 658 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 1 N 658 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 N 790 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 1 N 790 0 1 0.5 1 N 1019 −5.5 −6.5 −6 1 N 1019 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5 1 N 1280 −10 −10 −10 1 N 1280 0 0 0 1 N 1455 −4 −4 −4 1 N 1.017841221 1.526072693 1.271956957 1455 2 1 1.5 1 N 1733 −5 −4 −4.5 1 N 1733 0 0 0 1 N 2324 −7 −7 −7 1 N 2324 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 N 2334 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 1 N 2334 0 −1 −0.5 1 N 3356 −2.5 −3.5 −3 1 N 3356 −1 −1 −1 1 N 4058 −3 −3 −3 1 N 4058 −1 −1 −1 1 N 5580 −1.5 −2.5 −2 1 N 5580 0 −1 −0.5 1 N 5594 −2.5 −1.5 −2 1 N 5594 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 1 N 5707 −5 −5 −5 1 N 5707 −1 −1 −1 1 N 6334 −3 −3 −3 1 N 6334 −0.5 −1.5 −1 1 N 6340 −4 −4 −4 1 N 6340 −1 −1 −1 1 N 6340 0 −1 −0.5 1 N 6478 −3 −3 −3 1 N 6478 1 1 1 1 N 6811 −5 −5 −5 1 N 6811 −1 −1 −1 1 N 7178 −6 −7 −6.5 1 N 7178 0 0 0 1 N 7341 −2 −2 −2 1 N 7341 −1 −1 −1 1 N 8570 −3 −4 −3.5 1 N 8570 −2 −1 −1.5 1 N 9201 −4 −3 −3.5 1 N 9201 −1.5 −0.5 −1 1 N 9448 −4 −4 −4 1 N 9448 1.5 0.5 1 1 N 10036 −7 −7 −7 1 N 10036 1 1 1 1 N 10280 −4 −6 −5 1 N 10280 1 1 1 1 N 10725 −10 −10 −10 1 N 10725 0 0 0 1 N 11213 −4 −4 −4 1 N 11213 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5 1 N 23386 −4 −4 −4 1 N 23386 −2 −1 −1.5 1 N 25831 −6 −6 −6 1 N 25831 −2 −1 −1.5 1 N 27347 −2 −2 −2 1 N 27347 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 N 28996 −4 −4 −4 1 N 28996 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 N 29110 −2 −2 −2 1 N 29110 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 1 N 29110 1 1 1 1 N 30815 −4 −4 −4 1 N 30815 −1 −1 −1 1 N 51172 −2 −2 −2 1 N 51172 −1 −1 −1 1 N 51257 −8 −8 −8 1 N 51257 0 0 0 1 N 51422 −3 −3 −3 1 N 51422 −1 0 −0.5 1 N 51526 −5 −5 −5 1 N 51526 −1 0 −0.5 1 N 54980 −8 −7 −7.5 1 N 54980 −1.5 −1 −1.25 1 N 54991 −3 −3 −3 1 N 54991 −2 −1 −1.5 1 N 55850 −3 −3 −3 1 N 55850 −1 −1 −1 1 N 56164 −2 −3 −2.5 1 N 56164 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 N 57085 −4 −4 −4 1 N 57085 −2 −1 −1.5 1 N 57418 −4 −5 −4.5 1 N 57418 2 2 2 1 N 64284 −6 −7 −6.5 1 N 64284 0 0 0 1 N 64601 −4.5 −3.5 −4 1 N 64601 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5 1 N 65220 −8 −7 −7.5 1 N 65220 −1 −2 −1.5 1 N 114299 −2.5 −2.5 −2.5 1 N 114299 −1 −1 −1 1 N 115701 −2.5 −1.5 −2 1 N 115701 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 N 127733 −8.5 −7.5 −8 1 N 127733 0 1 0.5 1 N 166614 −5.5 −4.5 −5 1 N 166614 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 N 256126 −2 −2 −2 1 N 256126 0.5 −0.5 0 1 N 340260 −3 −3 −3 1 N 340260 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5 1 N 440396 −8.5 −8.5 −8.5 1 N 440396 −1 −1 −1 1 N 440738 −2 −4 −3 1 N 440738 1 1 1 1 N 441670 −5.5 −4.5 −5 1 N 441670 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 1 N 1385 −1 −2 −1.5 0 N 1385 3 3 3 0 N 2260 −1 −2 −1.5 0 N 0.215059719 0.188198725 0.201629222 2260 0 1 0.5 0 N 0.691544767 0.658772654 0.675158711 4914 −1 −1 −1 0 N 4914 −0.5 −1.5 −1 0 N 4915 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 0 N 4915 −1 0 −0.5 0 N 5062 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 N 5062 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 N 5422 −1 −1 −1 0 N 5422 1 1 1 0 N 9149 2 1 1.5 0 N 9149 2.5 1.5 2 0 N 9464 0 −1 −0.5 0 N 9464 0 −1 −0.5 0 N 9578 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5 0 N 9578 0 0 0 0 N 10616 −2 −2 −2 0 N 10616 0 0 0 0 N 23534 −1 −1 −1 0 N 0.42175369 0.319519842 0.370636766 23534 0 0 0 0 N 1.11537820 1.096187878 1.10578304 30849 −1 −1 −1 0 N 30849 −1 −1 −1 0 N 57551 −1 −1 −1 0 N 57551 0 0 0 0 N 114880 −2 −1 −1.5 0 N 114880 −1 −1 −1 0 N 114971 −1 −1 −1 0 N 114971 0 −1 −0.5 0 N 204851 −1 −1 −1 0 N 204851 −1 −1 −1 0 N 283455 −5.5 −4.5 −5 0 N 283455 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 N

TABLE 8 Examination of interferon induction in siRNA-transfected cells. A549 cells transfected with the indicated siRNAs were either mock infected (column 7) or infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (MOI = 0.5) (column 8). At 6h post-infection RNA was collected and interferon (IFN)-β mRNA was quantified by qRT-PCR. Control samples were set to 1 . For reference, siRNA-mediated reduction in viral gene expression (average of NP, M1 mRNA) is shown in column 6. A select number of siRNAs were also tested in an IFN bioassay to detect biologically-relevant amounts of IFN released from siRNA-transfected cells either mock infected (column 9) or infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (MOI = 3) (column 10). Controls included (shaded): an siRNA targeting the viral NS1 protein as well as infection with a recombinant PR8 virus lacking NS1 expression. In both cases, this results in IFN induction. Furthermore a standard curve of recombinant IFN treatment is shown (shaded). ND = no data.

TABLE 9 Evaluation of host factors that regulate influenza virus entry. A subset of siRNAs targeting factors shown to be required for efficient growth of wild-type influenza virus (see Table 7), were evaluated for their effects on infection with pseudotyped lentivirus particles. Particles bearing envelopes derived from either influenza virus HA (WSN) (column 5), Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G protein (column 6) or Murine leukemia virus (MMLV) Envelope (Env) (column 7) were examined. Additionally, the effects of host factor depletion on entry of an influenza virus-like particle (VLP) was also assessed using a b-lactamase (Bla)-M1 assay (see Methods section) (column 8). Identified entry factors are marked with a Y in column 9; post-entry factors are designated in column 10. Gene_ID Symbol Description target sequence 372 ARCN1 archain 1 CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA 372 ARCN1 archain 1 AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA 523 ATP6V1A ATPase, H+ transporting, GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA lysosomal 70 kDa, V1 subunit A 523 ATP6V1A ATPase, H+ transporting, ATGGAGGTTGATGGTAAGGTA lysosomal 70 kDa, V1 subunit A 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, H+ transporting, ACCATGTTACCCTGTAATTAA lysosomal 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, H+ transporting, CACGGTTAATGAAGTCTGCTA lysosomal 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, H+ transporting, CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA lysosomal 16 kDa, V0 subunit c 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, H+ transporting, TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA lysosomal 16 kDa, V0 subunit c 533 ATP6V0B ATPase, H+ transporting, CATGGCAATTGTCATTAGCAA lysosomal 21 kDa, V0 subunit b 533 ATP6V0B ATPase, H+ transporting, TCCTAGTGTTTGTGAAATAAA lysosomal 21 kDa, V0 subunit b 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, H+ transporting, CACAGTGACATTCAAGTTCAT lysosomal accessory protein 1 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, H+ transporting, TAGCAAATGCTCCCTCCTTAA lysosomal accessory protein 1 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA protein kinase II beta 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA protein kinase II beta 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA 1-like (yeast) 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA 1-like (yeast) 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation CAAATGAACTTGTAAACCTAA 1-like (yeast) 2162 F13A1 coagulation factor XIII, A1 CAAGGAGAGATGGGACACTAA polypeptide 2162 F13A1 coagulation factor XIII, A1 GCUGGAGCUAUGGUCAGUU polypeptide 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA receptor 4 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA receptor 4 2357 FPR1 formyl peptide receptor 1 GUGACACAGCUACCAAUUC 2357 FPR1 formyl peptide receptor 1 AACCAGTGACACAGCTACCAA 3837 KPNB1 karyopherin (importin) beta 1 TCGGTTATATTTGCCAAGATA 3837 KPNB1 karyopherin (importin) beta 1 CAAGAACTCTTTGACATCTAA 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA kinase kinase 3 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA kinase kinase 3 8021 NUP214 nucleoporin 214 kDa CCCGGAGATGATCCCAACAAA 8021 NUP214 nucleoporin 214 kDa CACCATAGAATCTCACACCAA 8677 STX10 syntaxin 10 CAGAGAGATACTCGCAGGCAA 8677 STX10 syntaxin 10 CAGCAGCTGATCATGGATGAA 10291 SF3A1 splicing factor 3a, subunit 1, CAGGATAAGACGGAATGGAAA 120 kDa 10291 SF3A1 splicing factor 3a, subunit 1, CGCAAGGATTATGATCCCAAA 120 kDa 22820 COPG coatomer protein complex, CCGAGCCACCTTCTACCTAAA subunit gamma 22820 COPG coatomer protein complex, AGGCCCGTGTATTTAATGAAA subunit gamma 51393 TRPV2 transient receptor potential CAGAGGATCTTTCCAACCACA cation channel, subfamily V, member 2 51393 TRPV2 transient receptor potential CCAGTGAATTCTGGTGGCAAA cation channel, subfamily V, member 2 54866 PPP1R14D protein phosphatase 1, GAGCCTGAGATTGACCTGGAA regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 14D 54866 PPP1R14D protein phosphatase 1, CAGGAGCTCTTCCAGGATCAA regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 14D 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 TACGGCTAACAGAGACCTGAA 2550 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA (GABA) B receptor, 1 2550 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA (GABA) B receptor, 1 3717 JAK2 Janus kinase 2 (a protein AGCCATCATACGAGATCTTAA tyrosine kinase) 3717 JAK2 Janus kinase 2 (a protein ATGATTGGCAATGACAAACAA tyrosine kinase) 6204 RPS10 ribosomal protein S10 AACCGGATTGCCATTTATGAA 6204 RPS10 RPS10, ribosomal protein S10 TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, member RAS oncogene CCGCATCACCTCCGCGTACTA family 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, member RAS oncogene CACGGACGGACAGAAGCCCAA family 11214 AKAP13 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein CCGCCTGTTTGGGTTAACAAA 13 11214 AKAP13 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein CAGGATTACACTGAAAGTAAT 13 57579 FAM135A family with sequence similarity CACGAAGAACTAAGAATATTA 135, member A 57579 FAM135A family with sequence similarity CAGCAATTACATTAAATTCAA 135, member A 79574 EPS8L3 EPS8-like 3 CCGGAAGGAGTACTCCCAGAA 79574 EPS8L3 EPS8-like 3 AGCCATTTACTTGCACCGGAA 93953 ACRC acidic repeat containing TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA 93953 ACRC acidic repeat containing CCCGATGACAATAGTGATGAT 387911 RP11- collagen triple helix repeat- CAGCATTGTCCTGCAGCTGAA 45820.2 containing 387911 RP11- collagen triple helix repeat- AAAGGAGATCGAGGAGAGAAA 45820.2 containing 7786 MAP3K12 mitogen-activated protein CAGGGAGCACTATGAAAGGAA kinase kinase kinase 12 7786 MAP3K12 mitogen-activated protein CCACGAAAUCGCCCAUCAU kinase kinase kinase 12 4296 MAP3K11 mitogen-activated protein CACATGGTACCTGGATTCAGA kinase kinase kinase 11 4296 MAP3K11 mitogen-activated protein CCGGCCTTGACCGGAGGAGAA kinase kinase kinase 11 2048 EPHB2 EPH receptor B2 /5Phos/rGrGrCrUrArCrGrGrAr CrCrArArGrUrUrUrArUrCrCrGr GCG 2048 EPHB2 EPH receptor B2 GGAGACCUUCAACCUCUAU 1521 CTSW cathepsin W UACCUGUGGCAUCACCAAG 1521 CTSW cathepsin W CGCGTTCATAACTGTCCTCAA 975 CD81 CD81 antigen CACCTTCTATGTAGGCATCTA 975 CD81 CD81 antigen AAGGAACATCAGGCATGCTAA 2263 FGFR2 fibroblast growth factor CCCATCTGACAAGGGAAATTA receptor 2 2263 FGFR2 fibroblast growth factor CGGAGGAGCGTTGCCATTCAA receptor 2 10783 NEK6 NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)- CTGGCGGACTTCCAGATCGAA related kinase 6 10783 NEK6 NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)- ACCACGGAAGTCGAGAATTAA related kinase 6 2932 GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA 2932 GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA 5961 PRPH2 retinal degeneration, slow CACGGATTTAGTCCCACCCTA 5961 PRPH2 peripherin 2 (retinal GAGGAGCGATGTGATGAATAA degeneration, slow) 1845 DUSP3 dual specificity phosphatase 3 CCCGCGGATCTACGTGGGCAA 1845 DUSP3 dual specificity phosphatase 3 CCGTATTTACTTAACAAGATT 254065 BRWD3 bromodomain and WD repeat CACAGTTATTACTGCAGTGAA domain containing 3 254065 BRWD3 bromodomain and WD repeat AAGACAGTCTTTAAAGTGTAA domain containing 3 3675 ITGA3 integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CCCUCUCAACCUCACUCUU CD49C, alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) 3675 ITGA3 integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CTGGATTGACTTTGCTGTCAA CD49C, alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) 113878 DTX2 deltex homolog 2 (Drosophila) GCUUCAUCGAGCAGCAGUU 113878 DTX2 deltex homolog 2 (Drosophila) CAAGACAGAGATGGACCGCAA 203068 TUBB tubulin, beta GGUCCUUUUGGCCAGAUCU 203068 TUBB tubulin, beta polypeptide TGGGTAGAAGTCACTATATAA 387082 SUMO4 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 TTGATGTGTTTCAACAGCCTA homolog 4 (S. cerevisiae) 387082 SUMO4 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 TACTGCATTCTCAATTAGAAA homolog 4 (S. cerevisiae) 6613 SUMO2 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 CTGTCTTTAAGTAGGGATAAA homolog 2 (S. cerevisiae) 6613 SUMO2 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA homolog 2 (S. cerevisiae) VLP- Pseudotyped BlaM1 particle (Relative Post (Relative % entry) % entry) Entry entry Gene_ID Symbol WSN VSV-G MMLV WSN factors factors    372 ARCN1 1.5 1.1 23.4 34.1 Y    372 ARCN1 1.2 0.9 14 25 Y    523 ATP6V1A 17.5 50.8 90.2 53 Y    523 ATP6V1A 11.2 13.5 35.9 48.2 Y    526 ATP6V1B2 9.9 10.6 84.2 Y    526 ATP6V1B2 12.1 13.5 61.7 Y    527 ATP6V0C 4.1 8.7 122 15.5 Y    527 ATP6V0C 2.5 13.1 187.6 41.1 Y    533 ATP6V0B 8.2 34.4 82 Y    533 ATP6V0B 1.6 2 33.9 Y    537 ATP6AP1 4 20.7 138.3 Y    537 ATP6AP1 2.1 7.5 73.7 Y    816 CAMK2B 60 49.5 Y    816 CAMK2B 105 99.6 Y   1434 CSE1L 77.3 60 Y   1434 CSE1L 44.6 31.9 Y   1434 CSE1L 82.7 72 Y   2162 F13A1 5.9 6.3 30.2 Y   2162 F13A1 3.7 12.8 44.8 Y   2264 FGFR4 13.4 16.3 68 Y   2264 FGFR4 32.8 21.8 56 Y   2357 FPR1 19.5 54.4   2357 FPR1 60.7 35.5   3837 KPNB1 61 51.6 Y   3837 KPNB1 47.5 38.8 Y   5606 MAP2K3 10.6 10 97.9 Y   5606 MAP2K3 11.3 33.7 48.9 Y   8021 NUP214 6.5 14.8 56.1   8021 NUP214 97.7 104.7 193.4   8677 STX10 2.8 9.6 32.4   8677 STX10 17.6 20.4 31.3  10291 SF3A1 3.5 4 16 89.7 Y  10291 SF3A1 3.3 5.2 27.9 62.8 Y  22820 COPG 4 3.1 38.5 51.1 Y  22820 COPG 5.6 12.1 43.6 79.5 Y  51393 TRPV2 20.5 30.4  51393 TRPV2 94.4 97.4  54866 PPP1R14D 59.6 64 Y  54866 PPP1R14D 64.9 84.5 Y 167681 PRSS35 68.5 85.9 Y 167681 PRSS35 131 149 Y   2550 GABBR1 31.7 151.9 76.7 97 Y   2550 GABBR1 13 15.7 56.1 166.3 Y   3717 JAK2 44.4 41.1 161.2 Y   3717 JAK2 18.1 20.6 50.4 Y   6204 RPS10 136.8 120.7 Y   6204 RPS10 133 102.3 Y   9230 RAB11B 20.9 27.3 115.6 Y   9230 RAB11B 8.2 10 50.8 Y  11214 AKAP13 13 7.4 43.5 Y  11214 AKAP13 26.4 17.2 89.2 Y  57579 FAM135A 5.3 10.9 57.4 Y  57579 FAM135A 14.9 19.1 54.8 Y  79574 EPS8L3 33 43.3 110.4  79574 EPS8L3 32.8 33.8 180.2  93953 ACRC 91.9 110.6  93953 ACRC 38.7 40.2 387911 RP11- 32.4 21.1 123.8 45820.2 387911 RP11- 44.8 32.1 213.6 45820.2   7786 MAP3K12 261.9 282.2 Y   7786 MAP3K12 70.8 99.9 Y   4296 MAP3K11 64.2 121 90.4   4296 MAP3K11 22.9 20.8 34.6   2048 EPHB2 45.3 26 121.1 104.7 Y   2048 EPHB2 28.1 22.1 83.0 103.2 Y   1521 CTSW 35.8 103.0 44.8 88.6 Y   1521 CTSW 24.8 33.7 55.4 Y    975 CD81 3 8.6 68.9 Y    975 CD81 18.9 3.6 68 Y   2263 FGFR2 93 25.2 332.7 Y   2263 FGFR2 32.7 46.5 252.3 Y  10783 NEK6 44.4 36.3 222.2 Y  10783 NEK6 33.4 36.6 297.5 Y   2932 GSK3B 37.8 34.7 95.9 Y   2932 GSK3B 13.7 33.4 30.4 Y   5961 PRPH2 8.3 12.5 339.8   5961 PRPH2 233.3 140.7 363.8   1845 DUSP3 13.6 2.6 37.7 Y   1845 DUSP3 22.6 9 79 Y 254065 BRWD3 30.5 48.6 67 Y 254065 BRWD3 14.2 3.6 68 Y   3675 ITGA3 10 19.6 48.9 Y   3675 ITGA3 47.5 36.4 152.5 Y 113878 DTX2 27.4 21.5 30.5 113878 DTX2 21.7 46.5 41.6 203068 TUBB 29.5 29.5 282.4 203068 TUBB 77.6 98.8 248.6 387082 SUMO4 58.5 72.8 273.7 Y 387082 SUMO4 63.7 113.2 351.1 Y   6613 SUMO2 109.8 100.4 279.2   6613 SUMO2 32.8 59.2 347.1

TABLE 10 Effects of host factor depletion on expression of an influenza virus mini- genome reporter. 293T cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting the indicated genes and transfected again 48 h later with an influenza virus mini-genome reporter construct encoding firefly luciferase and expression plasmids for NP, PB1, PB2, PA. In addition a Renilla luciferase expression construct under the control of an SV40 promoter was co- transfected. The percent firefly (column 5) and Renilla luciferase (column 6) expression relative to the control (SC1) is shown. Ave expression relative to SC1 control Influenza Constitutive firefly luc Renilla luc Gene ID Gene Symbol Description target sequence reporter reporter CONTROL RPS27A 5.67 14.25 CONTROL SC1 100.00 100.00 CONTROL FF 5.38 79.84 372 ARCN1 archain 1 CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA 24.44 44.06 372 ARCN1 archain 1 AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA 2.08 8.00 523 ATP6V1A ATPase, H+ transporting, GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA 54.82 66.45 lysosomal 70 kDa, V1 subunit A 523 ATP6V1A ATPase, H+ transporting, ATGGAGGTTGATGGTAAGGTA 51.49 45.58 lysosomal 70 kDa, V1 subunit A 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, H+ transporting, CACGGTTAATGAAGTCTGCTA 27.45 38.64 lysosomal 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 526 ATP6V1B2 ATPase, H+ transporting, ACCATGTTACCCTGTAATTAA 50.97 79.99 lysosomal 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, H+ transporting, CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA 55.07 43.16 lysosomal 16 kDa, V0 subunit c 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, H+ transporting, TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA 175.42 85.82 lysosomal 16 kDa, V0 subunit c 533 ATP6V0B ATPase, H+ transporting, TCCTAGTGTTTGTGAAATAAA 65.64 65.35 lysosomal 21 kDa, V0 subunit b 533 ATP6V0B ATPase, H+ transporting, CATGGCAATTGTCATTAGCAA 9.84 21.26 lysosomal 21 kDa, V0 subunit b 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, H+ transporting, CACAGTGACATTCAAGTTCAT 63.59 70.04 lysosomal accessory protein 1 537 ATP6AP1 ATPase, H+ transporting, CAGGGAAGTCCTCACAGGCAA 32.86 45.61 lysosomal accessory protein 1 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA 53.27 78.82 protein kinase II beta 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA 34.95 86.56 protein kinase II beta 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA 29.41 155.71 1-like (yeast) 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA 28.13 199.31 1-like (yeast) 2162 F13A1 coagulation factor XIII, A1 CAAGGAGAGATGGGACACTAA 3.83 32.16 polypeptide 2162 F13A1 coagulation factor XIII, A1 GCUGGAGCUAUGGUCAGUU 15.62 63.72 polypeptide 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA 37.60 30.60 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA 102.79 130.61 2357 FPR1 formyl peptide receptor 1 AACCAGTGACACAGCTACCAA 53.88 86.58 2357 FPR1 formyl peptide receptor 1 GUGACACAGCUACCAAUUC 168.96 81.53 2550 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA 83.18 88.23 (GABA) B receptor, 1 2550 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA 39.24 149.09 (GABA) B receptor, 1 2932 GSK3B glycogen synthase CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA 38.96 110.23 kinase 3 beta 2932 GSK3B glycogen synthase TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA 127.38 125.29 kinase 3 beta 3837 KPNB1 karyopherin (importin) beta 1 TCGGTTATATTTGCCAAGATA 13.98 14.07 3837 KPNB1 karyopherin (importin) beta 1 CAAGAACTCTTTGACATCTAA 7.79 9.82 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA 73.66 71.12 kinase kinase 3 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA 92.74 97.72 kinase kinase 3 6204 RPS10 ribosomal protein S10 AACCGGATTGCCATTTATGAA 35.17 172.43 6204 RPS10 ribosomal protein S10 TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA 140.03 227.25 8021 NUP214 nucleoporin 214 kDa CCCGGAGATGATCCCAACAAA 10.27 30.94 8021 NUP214 nucleoporin 214 kDa CACCATAGAATCTCACACCAA 8.52 26.66 8677 STX10 syntaxin 10 CAGCAGCTGATCATGGATGAA 40.85 83.43 8677 STX10 syntaxin 10 CAGAGAGATACTCGCAGGCAA 75.65 166.42 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, member RAS oncogene family CCGCATCACCTCCGCGTACTA 35.92 70.27 9230 RAB11B RAB11B, member RAS oncogene family CACGGACGGACAGAAGCCCAA 98.27 136.22 10291 SF3A1 splicing factor 3a, subunit 1, CAGGATAAGACGGAATGGAAA 2.32 2.97 120 kDa 10291 SF3A1 splicing factor 3a, subunit 1, CGCAAGGATTATGATCCCAAA 1.68 2.17 120 kDa 10783 NEK6 NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)- CTGGCGGACTTCCAGATCGAA 288.96 298.85 related kinase 6 10783 NEK6 NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)- ACCACGGAAGTCGAGAATTAA 254.31 131.97 related kinase 6 51393 TRPV2 transient receptor potential cation CAGAGGATCTTTCCAACCACA 95.81 83.01 channel, subfamily V, member 2 51393 TRPV2 transient receptor potential cation CCAGTGAATTCTGGTGGCAAA 107.80 138.50 channel, subfamily V, member 2 54866 PPP1R14D protein phosphatase 1, CAGGAGCTCTTCCAGGATCAA 31.33 47.81 regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 14D 54866 PPP1R14D protein phosphatase 1, GAGCCTGAGATTGACCTGGAA 30.24 134.18 regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 14D 58526 MID1IP1 MID1 interacting protein 1 CAGCCACTACGTGCTTCTCAA 50.67 122.79 (gastrulation specific G12 homolog (zebrafish)) 58526 MID1IP1 MID1 interacting protein 1 CTCGCTCTTTAACGCCATGAA 80.13 74.64 (gastrulation specific G12 homolog (zebrafish)) 79574 EPS8L3 EPS8-like 3 AGCCATTTACTTGCACCGGAA 228.02 247.79 79574 EPS8L3 EPS8-like 3 CCGGAAGGAGTACTCCCAGAA 15.53 58.80 93953 ACRC acidic repeat containing CCCGATGACAATAGTGATGAT 28.38 42.33 93953 ACRC acidic repeat containing TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA 298.50 116.52 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA 35.19 54.56 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 GGAGAAAGAGACAGGUGUA 34.02 46.48 387911 RP11-45B20.2 collagen triple helix AAAGGAGATCGAGGAGAGAAA 99.33 109.81 repeat-containing 387911 RP11-45B20.2 collagen triple helix CAGCATTGTCCTGCAGCTGAA 90.66 108.48 repeat-containing 57579 FAM135A family with sequence similarity CAGCAATTACATTAAATTCAA 192.55 121.13 135, member A 57579 FAM135A family with sequence similarity CACGAAGAACTAAGAATATTA 62.22 93.42 135, member A

TABLE 11 Expression levels of host factor after siRNA silencing. siRNA transfected A549 cells were analyzed 54 h post transfection by quantitative RT-PCR for the expression levels of 12 host genes found to inhibit WSN and SOIV (swine origin influenza A/Netherlands/602/2009 virus) replication (FIG. 3e; columns 1-3). The siRNA target is shown in column 4. The efficacy of the siRNAs to target their cognate mRNAs for degradation was examined using qRT-PCR (column 5). Negative controls were set to the value of 1. Standard deviation of quadruplicate experiments is depicted in column 6. Gene expression Relative (Negative Gene Gene Control = Standard ID Symbol Description target sequence 1) deviation 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA 0.164 0.058 II beta 816 CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA 0.283 0.079 II beta 975 CD81 CD81 molecule CACCTTCTATGTAGGCATCTA 0.035 0.022 975 CD81 CD81 molecule AAGGAACATCAGGCATGCTAA 0.172 0.096 372 ARCN1 archain 1 CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA 0.231 0.010 372 ARCN1 archain 1 AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA 0.213 0.022 58526 MID1IP1 MID1 interacting protein 1 (gastrulation CAGCCACTACGTGCTTCTCAA 0.053 0.014 specific G12 homolog (zebrafish)) 58526 MID1IP1 MID1 interacting protein 1 (gastrulation CTCGCTCTTTAACGCCATGAA 0.493 0.047 specific G12 homolog (zebrafish)) 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 16 kDa, V0 CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA 0.039 0.027 subunit c 527 ATP6V0C ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 16 kDa, V0 TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA 0.024 0.014 subunit c 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA 0.139 0.029 5606 MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA 0.230 0.115 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA 0.037 0.021 2264 FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA 0.029 0.016 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like (yeast) CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA 0.054 0.011 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like (yeast) CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA 0.094 0.013 1434 CSE1L CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like (yeast) CAAATGAACTTGTAAACCTAA 0.073 0.006 2932 GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA 0.121 0.069 2932 GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA 0.064 0.027 6613 SUMO2 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog 2 CTGTCTTTAAGTAGGGATAAA 0.225 0.032 (S. cerevisiae) 6613 SUMO2 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog 2 AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA 0.186 0.147 (S. cerevisiae) 2550 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA 0.343 0.091 2550 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA 0.262 0.034 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA 0.072 0.008 167681 PRSS35 protease, serine, 35 TACGGCTAACAGAGACCTGAA 0.048 0.019

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9. EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the embodiments described herein and exemplified in the paragraphs of Section 10.

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

The invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to the embodiments described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

10. EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The following paragraphs provide non-limiting, exemplary embodiments.

1. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: AKAP13; ARCN; BRWD3; CD81; COPG; CTSW; DUSP3; EPHB2; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; GABBR1; GSK3B; ITGA3; JAK2; MAP2K3; NEK6; RAB11B; or one or more of the v-ATPase subunits, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP1.

2. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: CAMK2B; CSE1L; F13A1; KPNB1; MAP3K12; PP1R14D; PRSS35; RPS10; SF3A1; or SUMO4.

3. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ACRC; DTX2; EPS8L3; FPR1; MAP3K11; NUP214; PRPH2; RP11-45B20.2; STX10; SUMO2; TRPV2; or TUBB.

4. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ANPEP; CAM2 KB; FGFR4; FRAP1 (mTOR); GSK3B/CSNK1G2; HSP90AA1; or TUBB.

5. The method of any one of paragraphs 1 to 4 wherein the compound does not inhibit the expression or activity of v-ATPase subunit or an HSP90.

6. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of Betulinic acid, CCT018159, Diphyllin, KN-93, Podophyllotoxin, or Sirolimus.

7. The method of paragraph 6 wherein the compound is not CCT018159 or Diphyllin.

8. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof a nucleic acid compound that targets a sequence selected from the following:

CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA ATGGAGGTTGATGGTAAGGTA ACCATGTTACCCTGTAATTAA CACGGTTAATGAAGTCTGCTA CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA CATGGCAATTGTCATTAGCAA TCCTAGTGTTTGTGAAATAAA CACAGTGACATTCAAGTTCAT TAGCAAATGCTCCCTCCTTAA CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA CAAATGAACTTGTAAACCTAA CAAGGAGAGATGGGACACTAA GCUGGAGCUAUGGUCAGUU CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA GUGACACAGCUACCAAUUC AACCAGTGACACAGCTACCAA TCGGTTATATTTGCCAAGATA CAAGAACTCTTTGACATCTAA CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA CCCGGAGATGATCCCAACAAA CACCATAGAATCTCACACCAA CAGAGAGATACTCGCAGGCAA CAGCAGCTGATCATGGATGAA CAGGATAAGACGGAATGGAAA CGCAAGGATTATGATCCCAAA CCGAGCCACCTTCTACCTAAA AGGCCCGTGTATTTAATGAAA CAGAGGATCTTTCCAACCACA CCAGTGAATTCTGGTGGCAAA GAGCCTGAGATTGACCTGGAA CAGGAGCTCTTCCAGGATCAA CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA TACGGCTAACAGAGACCTGAA CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA AGCCATCATACGAGATCTTAA ATGATTGGCAATGACAAACAA AACCGGATTGCCATTTATGAA TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA CCGCATCACCTCCGCGTACTA CACGGACGGACAGAAGCCCAA CCGCCTGTTTGGGTTAACAAA CAGGATTACACTGAAAGTAAT CACGAAGAACTAAGAATATTA CAGCAATTACATTAAATTCAA CCGGAAGGAGTACTCCCAGAA AGCCATTTACTTGCACCGGAA TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA CCCGATGACAATAGTGATGAT CAGCATTGTCCTGCAGCTGAA AAAGGAGATCGAGGAGAGAAA CAGGGAGCACTATGAAAGGAA CCACGAAAUCGCCCAUCAU CACATGGTACCTGGATTCAGA CCGGCCTTGACCGGAGGAGAA GGAGACCUUCAACCUCUAU UACCUGUGGCAUCACCAAG CGCGTTCATAACTGTCCTCAA CACCTTCTATGTAGGCATCTA AAGGAACATCAGGCATGCTAA CCCATCTGACAAGGGAAATTA CGGAGGAGCGTTGCCATTCAA CTGGCGGACTTCCAGATCGAA ACCACGGAAGTCGAGAATTAA CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA CACGGATTTAGTCCCACCCTA GAGGAGCGATGTGATGAATAA CCCGCGGATCTACGTGGGCAA CCGTATTTACTTAACAAGATT CACAGTTATTACTGCAGTGAA AAGACAGTCTTTAAAGTGTAA CCCUCUCAACCUCACUCUU CTGGATTGACTTTGCTGTCAA GCUUCAUCGAGCAGCAGUU CAAGACAGAGATGGACCGCAA GGUCCUUUUGGCCAGAUCU TGGGTAGAAGTCACTATATAA TTGATGTGTTTCAACAGCCTA TACTGCATTCTCAATTAGAAA CTGTCTTTAAGTAGGGATAAA AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA;

or nucleic acid compound is an siRNA comprising the sequence /5Phos/rGrGrCrUrArCrGrGrArCrCrArArGrUrUrUrArUrCrCrGrGCG in an amount effective to reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication.

9. The method of paragraph 8 wherein the sequence has “U” substituted for “T”.

10. The method of paragraph 8 wherein the sequence has “T” substituted for U”.

11. The method of paragraph 8, 9 or 10, in which the nucleic acid compound is double-stranded.

12. A method of treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: AKAP13; ARCN; BRWD3; CD81; COPG; CTSW; DUSP3; EPHB2; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; GABBR1; GSK3B; ITGA3; JAK2; MAP2K3; NEK6; RAB11B; or one or more of the v-ATPase subunits, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP 1.

13. A method of treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: CAMK2B; CSE1L; F13A1; KPNB1; MAP3K12; PP1R14D; PRSS35; RPS10; SF3A1; or SUMO4.

14. A method of treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ACRC; DTX2; EPS8L3; FPR1; MAP3K11; NUP214; PRPH2; RP11-45B20.2; STX10; SUMO2; TRPV2; or TUBB.

15. A method of treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ANPEP; CAM2 KB; FGFR4; FRAP1 (mTOR); GSK3B/CSNK1G2; HSP90AA1; or TUBB.

16. The method of any one of paragraphs 12 to 15 wherein the compound does not inhibit the expression and/or activity of v-ATPase subunit or an HSP90.

17. A method of treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of Betulinic acid, CCT018159, Diphyllin, KN-93, Podophyllotoxin, or Sirolimus.

18. The method of paragraph 17 wherein the compound is not CCT018159 or Diphyllin.

19. A method of treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof a nucleic acid compound that targets a sequence selected from the following:

CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA ATGGAGGTTGATGGTAAGGTA ACCATGTTACCCTGTAATTAA CACGGTTAATGAAGTCTGCTA CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA CATGGCAATTGTCATTAGCAA TCCTAGTGTTTGTGAAATAAA CACAGTGACATTCAAGTTCAT TAGCAAATGCTCCCTCCTTAA CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA CAAATGAACTTGTAAACCTAA CAAGGAGAGATGGGACACTAA GCUGGAGCUAUGGUCAGUU CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA GUGACACAGCUACCAAUUC AACCAGTGACACAGCTACCAA TCGGTTATATTTGCCAAGATA CAAGAACTCTTTGACATCTAA CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA CCCGGAGATGATCCCAACAAA CACCATAGAATCTCACACCAA CAGAGAGATACTCGCAGGCAA CAGCAGCTGATCATGGATGAA CAGGATAAGACGGAATGGAAA CGCAAGGATTATGATCCCAAA CCGAGCCACCTTCTACCTAAA AGGCCCGTGTATTTAATGAAA CAGAGGATCTTTCCAACCACA CCAGTGAATTCTGGTGGCAAA GAGCCTGAGATTGACCTGGAA CAGGAGCTCTTCCAGGATCAA CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA TACGGCTAACAGAGACCTGAA CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA AGCCATCATACGAGATCTTAA ATGATTGGCAATGACAAACAA AACCGGATTGCCATTTATGAA TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA CCGCATCACCTCCGCGTACTA CACGGACGGACAGAAGCCCAA CCGCCTGTTTGGGTTAACAAA CAGGATTACACTGAAAGTAAT CACGAAGAACTAAGAATATTA CAGCAATTACATTAAATTCAA CCGGAAGGAGTACTCCCAGAA AGCCATTTACTTGCACCGGAA TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA CCCGATGACAATAGTGATGAT CAGCATTGTCCTGCAGCTGAA AAAGGAGATCGAGGAGAGAAA CAGGGAGCACTATGAAAGGAA CCACGAAAUCGCCCAUCAU CACATGGTACCTGGATTCAGA CCGGCCTTGACCGGAGGAGAA GGAGACCUUCAACCUCUAU UACCUGUGGCAUCACCAAG CGCGTTCATAACTGTCCTCAA CACCTTCTATGTAGGCATCTA AAGGAACATCAGGCATGCTAA CCCATCTGACAAGGGAAATTA CGGAGGAGCGTTGCCATTCAA CTGGCGGACTTCCAGATCGAA ACCACGGAAGTCGAGAATTAA CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA CACGGATTTAGTCCCACCCTA GAGGAGCGATGTGATGAATAA CCCGCGGATCTACGTGGGCAA CCGTATTTACTTAACAAGATT CACAGTTATTACTGCAGTGAA AAGACAGTCTTTAAAGTGTAA CCCUCUCAACCUCACUCUU CTGGATTGACTTTGCTGTCAA GCUUCAUCGAGCAGCAGUU CAAGACAGAGATGGACCGCAA GGUCCUUUUGGCCAGAUCU TGGGTAGAAGTCACTATATAA TTGATGTGTTTCAACAGCCTA TACTGCATTCTCAATTAGAAA CTGTCTTTAAGTAGGGATAAA AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA;

or wherein nucleic acid compound is an siRNA comprising the sequence /5Phos/rGrGrCrUrArCrGrGrArCrCrArArGrUrUrUrArUrCrCrGrGCG in an amount effective to treat or manage the influenza virus infection.

20. The method of paragraph 19 wherein the sequence has “U” substituted for “T”.

21. The method of paragraph 19 wherein the sequence has “T” substituted for U”.

22. The method of paragraph 19, 20, or 21, in which the nucleic acid compound is double-stranded.

23. A method of preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: AKAP13; ARCN; BRWD3; CD81; COPG; CTSW; DUSP3; EPHB2; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; GABBR1; GSK3B; ITGA3; JAK2; MAP2K3; NEK6; RAB11B; or one or more of the v-ATPase subunits, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP1.

24. A method of preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: CAMK2B; CSE1L; F13A1; KPNB1; MAP3K12; PP1R14D; PRSS35; RPS10; SF3A1; or SUMO4.

25. A method of preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ACRC; DTX2; EPS8L3; FPR1; MAP3K11; NUP214; PRPH2; RP11-45B20.2; STX10; SUMO2; TRPV2; or TUBB.

26. A method of preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: ANPEP; CAM2 KB; FGFR4; FRAP1 (mTOR); GSK3B/CSNK1G2; HSP90AA1; or TUBB.

27. The method of any one of paragraphs 23 to 26 wherein the compound does not inhibit the expression or activity of v-ATPase subunit or an HSP90.

28. A method of preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of Betulinic acid, CCT018159, Diphyllin, KN-93, Podophyllotoxin, or Sirolimus.

29. The method of paragraph 28, wherein the compound is not CCT018159 or Diphyllin.

30. A method of preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof a nucleic acid compound that targets a sequence selected from the following:

CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA ATGGAGGTTGATGGTAAGGTA ACCATGTTACCCTGTAATTAA CACGGTTAATGAAGTCTGCTA CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA CATGGCAATTGTCATTAGCAA TCCTAGTGTTTGTGAAATAAA CACAGTGACATTCAAGTTCAT TAGCAAATGCTCCCTCCTTAA CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA CAAATGAACTTGTAAACCTAA CAAGGAGAGATGGGACACTAA GCUGGAGCUAUGGUCAGUU CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA GUGACACAGCUACCAAUUC AACCAGTGACACAGCTACCAA TCGGTTATATTTGCCAAGATA CAAGAACTCTTTGACATCTAA CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA CCCGGAGATGATCCCAACAAA CACCATAGAATCTCACACCAA CAGAGAGATACTCGCAGGCAA CAGCAGCTGATCATGGATGAA CAGGATAAGACGGAATGGAAA CGCAAGGATTATGATCCCAAA CCGAGCCACCTTCTACCTAAA AGGCCCGTGTATTTAATGAAA CAGAGGATCTTTCCAACCACA CCAGTGAATTCTGGTGGCAAA GAGCCTGAGATTGACCTGGAA CAGGAGCTCTTCCAGGATCAA CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA TACGGCTAACAGAGACCTGAA CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA AGCCATCATACGAGATCTTAA ATGATTGGCAATGACAAACAA AACCGGATTGCCATTTATGAA TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA CCGCATCACCTCCGCGTACTA CACGGACGGACAGAAGCCCAA CCGCCTGTTTGGGTTAACAAA CAGGATTACACTGAAAGTAAT CACGAAGAACTAAGAATATTA CAGCAATTACATTAAATTCAA CCGGAAGGAGTACTCCCAGAA AGCCATTTACTTGCACCGGAA TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA CCCGATGACAATAGTGATGAT CAGCATTGTCCTGCAGCTGAA AAAGGAGATCGAGGAGAGAAA CAGGGAGCACTATGAAAGGAA CCACGAAAUCGCCCAUCAU CACATGGTACCTGGATTCAGA CCGGCCTTGACCGGAGGAGAA GGAGACCUUCAACCUCUAU UACCUGUGGCAUCACCAAG CGCGTTCATAACTGTCCTCAA CACCTTCTATGTAGGCATCTA AAGGAACATCAGGCATGCTAA CCCATCTGACAAGGGAAATTA CGGAGGAGCGTTGCCATTCAA CTGGCGGACTTCCAGATCGAA ACCACGGAAGTCGAGAATTAA CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA CACGGATTTAGTCCCACCCTA GAGGAGCGATGTGATGAATAA CCCGCGGATCTACGTGGGCAA CCGTATTTACTTAACAAGATT CACAGTTATTACTGCAGTGAA AAGACAGTCTTTAAAGTGTAA CCCUCUCAACCUCACUCUU CTGGATTGACTTTGCTGTCAA GCUUCAUCGAGCAGCAGUU CAAGACAGAGATGGACCGCAA GGUCCUUUUGGCCAGAUCU TGGGTAGAAGTCACTATATAA TTGATGTGTTTCAACAGCCTA TACTGCATTCTCAATTAGAAA CTGTCTTTAAGTAGGGATAAA AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA;

or nucleic acid compound is an siRNA comprising the sequence /5 Phos/rGrGrCrUrArCrGrGrArCrCrArArGrUrUrUrArUrCrCrGrGCG in an amount effective to prevent the symptom or disease.

31. The method of paragraph 30 wherein the sequence has “U” substituted for “T”.

32. The method of paragraph 30 wherein the sequence has “T” substituted for U”.

33. The method of paragraph 30, 31, or 32, in which the nucleic acid compound is double-stranded.

34. The method of paragraph 8, 19 or 30, wherein the nucleic acid compound that targets the sequence is an siRNA.

35. The method of any one of the preceding paragraphs wherein the influenza virus is an influenza A virus.

36. The method of paragraph 35, in which the influenza A virus is an H1N1 virus. 

1. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, or treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, or preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound that reduces or inhibits the expression and/or activity of one or more of the following human host cell factors: AKAP13; ARCN; BRWD3; CD81; COPG; CTSW; DUSP3; EPHB2; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; GABBR1; GSK3B; ITGA3; JAK2; MAP2K3; NEK6; RAB11B; CAMK2B; CSE1L; F13A1; KPNB1; MAP3K12; PP1R14D; PRSS35; RPS10; SF3A1; SUMO4; ACRC; DTX2; EPS8L3; FPR1; MAP3K11; NUP214; PRPH2; RP11-45B20.2; STX10; SUMO2; TRPV2; TUBB; ANPEP; CAM2 KB; FRAP1 (mTOR); GSK3B/CSNK1G2; or HSP90AA1; or one or more of the v-ATPase subunits, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP1. 2.-4. (canceled)
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound does not inhibit the expression or activity of v-ATPase subunit or an HSP90.
 6. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, or treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, or preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of Betulinic acid, CCT018159. Diphyllin, KN-93, Podophyllotoxin, or Sirolimus.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the compound is not CCT018159 or Diphyllin.
 8. A method of inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, or treating or managing an influenza virus infection, or a symptom or disease associated therewith, in a human subject, or preventing a symptom or disease associated with an influenza virus infection in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof a nucleic acid compound that targets a sequence selected from the following: CCCACTTGTGTCAATATTAAA AAGGCTGAGATGCGTCGTAAA GAGCTTGAATTTGAAGGTGTA ATGGAGGTTGATGGTAAGGTA ACCATGTTACCCTGTAATTAA CACGGTTAATGAAGTCTGCTA CAGCCACAGAATATTATGTAA TCCCAGCTATCTATAACCTTA CATGGCAATTGTCATTAGCAA TCCTAGTGTTTGTGAAATAAA CACAGTGACATTCAAGTTCAT TAGCAAATGCTCCCTCCTTAA CACGACCATCCTGAACCCACA CAGGATCTCTGACATCCTGAA CAGGATAATGTTATCAAAGTA CTGACGGTATCAAATATATTA CAAATGAACTTGTAAACCTAA CAAGGAGAGATGGGACACTAA GCUGGAGCUAUGGUCAGUU CCGCCTGACCTTCGGACCCTA CAGGAGGTTCTGGGCCTCTGA GUGACACAGCUACCAAUUC AACCAGTGACACAGCTACCAA TCGGTTATATTTGCCAAGATA CAAGAACTCTTTGACATCTAA CTGGATGCCATCCAAGTTGTA ACGGATATCCTGCATGTCCAA CCCGGAGATGATCCCAACAAA CACCATAGAATCTCACACCAA CAGAGAGATACTCGCAGGCAA CAGCAGCTGATCATGGATGAA CAGGATAAGACGGAATGGAAA CGCAAGGATTATGATCCCAAA CCGAGCCACCTTCTACCTAAA AGGCCCGTGTATTTAATGAAA CAGAGGATCTTTCCAACCACA CCAGTGAATTCTGGTGGCAAA GAGCCTGAGATTGACCTGGAA CAGGAGCTCTTCCAGGATCAA CCGTAGTGAGATCACTTCATA TACGGCTAACAGAGACCTGAA CACCCTCTCCTTGTCACAGAA CTCCATTGCATTCATGTACTA AGCCATCATACGAGATCTTAA ATGATTGGCAATGACAAACAA AACCGGATTGCCATTTATGAA TTGAATAAACTTACAGCCAAA CCGCATCACCTCCGCGTACTA CACGGACGGACAGAAGCCCAA CCGCCTGTTTGGGTTAACAAA CAGGATTACACTGAAAGTAAT CACGAAGAACTAAGAATATTA CAGCAATTACATTAAATTCAA CCGGAAGGAGTACTCCCAGAA AGCCATTTACTTGCACCGGAA TAGGTACTGTTAAGTAAGTAA CCCGATGACAATAGTGATGAT CAGCATTGTCCTGCAGCTGAA AAAGGAGATCGAGGAGAGAAA CAGGGAGCACTATGAAAGGAA CCACGAAAUCGCCCAUCAU CACATGGTACCTGGATTCAGA CCGGCCTTGACCGGAGGAGAA GGAGACCUUCAACCUCUAU UACCUGUGGCAUCACCAAG CGCGTTCATAACTGTCCTCAA CACCTTCTATGTAGGCATCTA AAGGAACATCAGGCATGCTAA CCCATCTGACAAGGGAAATTA CGGAGGAGCGTTGCCATTCAA CTGGCGGACTTCCAGATCGAA ACCACGGAAGTCGAGAATTAA CACTCAAGAACTGTCAAGTAA TCAGTTGGTAGAAATAATCAA CACGGATTTAGTCCCACCCTA GAGGAGCGATGTGATGAATAA CCCGCGGATCTACGTGGGCAA CCGTATTTACTTAACAAGATT CACAGTTATTACTGCAGTGAA AAGACAGTCTTTAAAGTGTAA CCCUCUCAACCUCACUCUU CTGGATTGACTTTGCTGTCAA GCUUCAUCGAGCAGCAGUU CAAGACAGAGATGGACCGCAA GGUCCUUUUGGCCAGAUCU TGGGTAGAAGTCACTATATAA TTGATGTGTTTCAACAGCCTA TACTGCATTCTCAATTAGAAA CTGTCTTTAAGTAGGGATAAA AAGTAGGGATAAATTACTCTA;

or nucleic acid compound is an siRNA comprising the sequence /5Phos/rGrGrCrUrArCrGrGrArCrCrArArGrUrUrUrArUrCrCrGrGCG in an amount effective to reduce or inhibit influenza virus replication.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the sequence has “U” substituted for “T”, or has “T” substituted for “U”.
 10. (canceled)
 11. The method of claim 8, in which the nucleic acid compound is double-stranded. 12.-33. (canceled)
 34. The method of claim 8, wherein the nucleic acid compound that targets the sequence is an siRNA.
 35. The method of claim 1 wherein the influenza virus is an influenza A virus.
 36. The method of claim 35, in which the influenza A virus is an H1N1 virus.
 37. A method of reducing or inhibiting replication of an influenza virus in a human subject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of one or more small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeted against one or more of the following human host cell factors: AKAP13; ARCN; BRWD3; CD81; COPG; CTSW; DUSP3; EPHB2; FAM135A; FGFR2; FGFR4; GABBR1; GSK3B; ITGA3; JAK2; MAP2K3; NEK6; RAB11B; one or more of the v-ATPase subunits, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, or ATP6AP1; CAMK2B; CSE1L; F13A1; KPNB1; MAP3K12; PP1R14D; PRSS35; RPS10; SF3A1; SUMO4; ACRC; DTX2; EPS8L3; FPR1; MAP3K11; NUP214; PRPH2; RP11-45B20.2; STX10; SUMO2; TRPV2; TUBB; ANPEP; FRAP1 (mTOR); GSK3B/CSNK1G2; or HSP90AA1.
 38. The method of claim 6 wherein the influenza virus is an influenza A virus.
 39. The method of claim 8 wherein the influenza virus is an influenza A virus.
 40. The method of claim 37 wherein the influenza virus is an influenza A virus.
 41. The method of claim 38, in which the influenza A virus is an H1N1 virus.
 42. The method of claim 39, in which the influenza A virus is an H1N1 virus.
 43. The method of claim 40, in which the influenza A virus is an H1N1 virus. 